Nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolomics and liver diseases: Recent advances and future clinical applications

Figure 3 Typical proton nuclear magnetic resonance (500 MHz) spectra of the region between 0 and 6 ppm from cirrhotic patient. Region between 4.5 and 5.0 ppm corresponding to the water and urea was suppressed. Peak assignment: 1: Fatty acids (-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃); 2: Isoleucine; 3: Valine; 4: Fatty acids (-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-); 5: Lactate; 6: Alanine; 7: Fatty acids (-CH₂-CH₂-CO-); 8: Fatty acids (-CH₂-CH₂-CH=); 9: Fatty acids (=CH-CH₂-CH₂-); 10: Acetyl signals from α1-acid glycoprotein; 11: Fatty acids (-CH₂-CO-); 12: Glutamine; 13: Fatty acids (=CH-CH₂-CH=); 14: Albumin lysyl; 15: Choline; 16: Glucose; 17: Lactate; 18: Fatty acids (-CH=CH-). Adapted from Nahon et al[29].