Beneficial effect of butyrate, Lactobacillus casei and L-carnitine combination in preference to each in experimental colitis

Figure 7 Effects of butyrate, L-carnitine, and probiotics on Ikappa B kinase. Adopted from authors’s previous Open Access publication (Moeinian et al. Synergistic effect of probiotics, butyrate and L-carnitine in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). J Med Hypotheses Idea 2013; 7: 50-53)[11]. SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; IKK: IκB kinase; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; RIP: Ribosome inactivating protein; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TNF-R: Tumor necrosis factor receptor; TRADD: Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain protein; TRAF2: Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2; SODD: Silencer of death domain.