Animal models of pancreatitis: Can it be translated to human pain study?

Table 2 Different animal models of chronic pancreatitis

Methods	Models and examples
Non-invasive	Caerulein-induced
	Serial caerulein injections in mice[60] and rats[61]
	Combination of repetitive caerulein injections with toxins and other agents such as lipopolysaccharides[62], cyclosporin A[63], dibutyltin dichloride[64] and Alcohol[65-67]
	Intraperitoneal caerulein injections are administered in genetically transformed mice such as TRX-1 transgenic mice[68,69]
	Arginine-induced
	A single L-arginine injection in rat[70]
	Serial L-arginine injections[70-72]
	Alcohol feeding-induced: Lieber-DeCarli formula[73-76]
	Genetic models: Wistar Bonn/Kobori (WBN/Kob) rats[77-79]; R122H transgenic mice[80]; SPINK3-deficient (SPINK3-/-) mice[81]; CFTR-deficient (cftrm1UNC) mice[82] and CFTR(-/-) pigs[83]; Kif3a-deficient mice[84]; PERK-deficient (PERK-/-) mice[85]; Interleukin 1-β transgenic mice[86]
Invasive	Sodium taurocholate-induced: Retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate (NaTc) into the pancreatic duct system of the rat[87]
	Oleic acid-induced: Retrograde infusion of oleic acid[72,88-91], viscous solution of zein[92], mixture of zein-oleic acid, or viscous solution consisting of zein-oleic acid-linoleic acid[93,94] into rat pancreatic duct
	Congestion of pancreatic fluid flow: Combination of transient stasis of pancreatic juice flow and mild pancreatic duct injury[95]
	Duct ligation model
	Ligation of the common bile duct close to the duodenum pancreatic tissue in dogs[96], mouse[97] and pigs[98]
	Incomplete pancreatic duct ligation in canine[99]
	Occlusion with two different tissue glues in the rat[100]