Signaling pathway/molecular targets and new targeted agents under development in hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 3 Target molecular and targeted agents under development. Monoclonal antibodies (VEGF: bevacizumab, EGFR: cetuxinab), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR: sorafenib, brivanib, linifanib, axitinib, TSU-68; FGFR: E7080, brivanib), EGFR: erlotinib, lapatinib), serine/threonine kinase inhibitors (Raf: sorafenib, mTOR: rapamycin and everolimus) and agonistic ligand of TRAIL-R2/DR5 (CS1008). (Cited and modified from Villanueva et al[12] with permission.) IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; SCF: Stem cell factor; FGFR: Fibroblast growth factor receptor.