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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
Artif Intell Gastrointest Endosc. Mar 12, 2021; 2(1): 1-11
Published online Mar 12, 2021. doi: 10.37126/aige.v2.i1.1
Table 1 Comparison between long-term evolution and 5G[40]
Characteristic4G/LTE5G
Data rate0.01-1 Gbit/s0.1-20 Gbit/s
Latency10 ms1 ms
Mobility~ 360 km/h~ 500 km/h
Energy efficiency0.1 mJ per 100 bits0.1 µJ per 100 bits
Table 2 Research studies using 5G for surgery
Ref.
Yr
Study type
Robot system
Location - remote distance
Data rate
Latency
Jell et al[37]2019(1) Delphi study; and (2) 2 use cases: (a) Track and tracing; and (b) Remote robotic camera control on phantomSoloAssist (AKTORmed)Munich (Germany): Not indicated~ 8 Mbit/s2-60 ms
Lacy et al[50]2019Telementoring with telestration: (1) Laparoscopic ant. high resection; and (2) Laparoscopic ant. low resection-(1) Barcelona (Spain): 4 km; and (2) Shanghai (China): 6 km(1) 95-102 Mbit/s; and (2) 99-106 Mbit/s(1) 202 ms; and (2) 146 ms
Acemoglu et al[51]2010Brief research report: Remote microsurgical cordectomy on a cadaverPanda robot (Franka Emika); 3D-microscop (Karl Storz)Milan (Italy): 15 km-One-way video latency: 102 ± 2 ms (max. ≤ 140 ms); Round-trip latency: 280 ms
Tian et al[52]2020Remote spinal surgery on human (n = 12)TiRobot system (Tinavi)Beijing (China): 120 km; 280 km; 750 km; 1200 km; 3000 km-28 ms
Zheng et al[53]2020Remote laparoscopic surgery on porcine model (n = 4)MicroHand (WEGO Group)Quingdolo (China): 3000 km-Mean round trip latency: 264 ms (258-278 ms)