Updates on glioblastoma multiforme: From epidemiology to imaging and artificial intelligence

Table 1 Macdonald criteria for treatment response based on major changes in tumor size on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging images[66]

Response	Criteria
Complete response	Complete disappearance of disease and no new lesions
Partial response	≥ 50% decrease compared with baseline volume and no new lesions
Stable disease	Does not qualify for complete response, partial response, or progression; clinically stable
Progression	≥ 25% increase of the baseline volume, any new lesion, or clinical deterioration

Table 2 Positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals used with glioblastoma multiforme

Biological processes	Radiotracer
Primary diagnosis-differential diagnosis–treatment planning and response	18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)
	11C-methyl-methionine (11C-MET)
	O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET)
	3,4-dihydroxy6-18F-fluoro-L-phenylalanine (18F-FDOPA)
	18F-fluorotyrosine (18F-TYR)
	18F-fluoromethyltyrosine (18F-FMT)
	18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT)
Tumor hypoxia	18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO)
	18F-fluoroazomycin-arabinozide (18F-FAZA)
	18F-fluoroerythronitroimidazole (18F-FETNIM)
	18F-2-nitroimidazol-pentafluoropropyl acetamide (18F-EF5)
	18F-2-nitroimidazol-trifluoropropyl acetamide (18F-EF3)
	18F-fluoroetanidazole (18F-FETA)
	124I-iodoazomycin galactopyranoside (124I-IAZGP)
	68Ga-labeled nitroimidazole analogs
	60,61,62,64Cu-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone (60,61,62,64Cu-ATSM)
	124I-chimeric mAb G250 (124I-cG250)
	89Zr-chimeric G250 F(ab′)2 (89Zr-cG250-F(ab′)2)
Perfusion-membrane biosynthesis-proliferation rate	13N-NH3
	18F-fluorthymidine (18F-FLT)
	18F-fluorocholine (18F-FCH)
	15O-labeled water (15O-H2O)

Table 3 Chemotherapeutic agents commonly used for glioblastoma multiforme

Drug	Dose	Ref.
Temozolomide	75 mg/m2 daily and 150-200 mg/m2 (5/28 days)	[106]
Bevacizumab	10 mg/kg every 2 weeks	[110]
Procarbazine	110 mg/m2 day 1/56	[113]
Vincristine	1.4 mg/m2 days 8 and 29/56	[113]
Lomustine (CCNU)	60 mg/m2 days 8-21/56	[114]