Dietary counseling based on artificial intelligence for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Patients' characteristics (n = 29)

Male/Female	16/13
Age (yr)	56.4 ± 14.3
Body weight (kg)	74.1 ± 13.1
BMI (kg/m2)	28.4 ± 5.2
Metabolic diseases
Diabetes mellitus (Yes/No)	10/19
Dyslipidemia (Yes/No)	14/15
Concomitant drugs
SGLT2 inhibitor	2
DPP-4 inhibitor	3
Thiazolidinedione
GLP-1 agonist	1
Statin	7
Bezafibrate
Pemafibrate
EPA and DHA preparation	1
AST (U/L)	50.2 ± 33.4
ALT (U/L)	53.8 ± 39.0
GGT (U/L)	80.3 ± 84.3
T-B (mg/dL)	1.3 ± 0.9
Alb (mg/dL)	4.2 ± 0.6
eGFR (mL/min)	71.1 ± 11.5
HbA1c (%)	6.4 ± 0.8
T-cho (mg/dL)	191.3 ± 35.0
TG (mg/dL)	126.5 ± 57.8
WBC (103/μL)	5.6 ± 1.5
Hb (g/dL)	14.5 ± 1.7
Plts (104/μL)	17.7 ± 7.4

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-Glutamyltransferase; T-Bil: Total bilirubin; Alb: Albumin; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; T-chol: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; WBC: White blood cells; Hb: Hemoglobin; Plts: Platelets.

Table 2 Changes of blood biochemistry parameters and body weight

	Baseline	6M Follow-up	P value
AST (U/L)	50.2 ± 33.4	34.7 ± 14.7	0.0088
ALT (U/L)	53.8 ± 39.0	35.3 ± 16.8	0.0113
GGT (U/L)	80.3 ± 84.3	66.3 ± 82.9	0.0494
HbA1c (%)	6.4 ± 0.8	6.2 ± 0.6	0.27832
T-cho (mg/dL)	191.3 ± 35.0	189 ± 34.3	0.2109
TG (mg/dL)	126.5 ± 57.8	104.1 ± 60.6	0.0426
Body weight (kg)	74.0 ± 13.1	71.2 ± 12.3	0.0472

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-Glutamyltransferase; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; T-chol: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.

Table 3 Number of photographed food items, analysis rate, and time for confirmation

Case	All foods	No of candidates	Analysis rate (%)	Time for confirmation (min)
1	57	13	77.2	25.0
2	31	2	93.5	4.5
3	90	31	65.6	67.0
4	40	7	82.5	20.5
5	74	20	73.0	31.0
6	69	1	98.6	6.0
7	24	3	87.5	9.5
8	20	9	55.0	12.0
9	47	9	80.9	28.5
10	87	29	66.7	35.5
11	26	12	53.8	14.0
12	35	8	77.1	10.0
13	85	25	70.6	36.5
14	95	8	91.6	8.5
15	53	15	71.7	20.0
16	84	32	61.9	39.5
17	77	13	83.1	14.0
18	51	7	86.3	13.0
19	33	16	51.5	20.0
20	103	9	91.3	19.5
21	32	6	81.3	5.5
22	68	25	63.2	32.5
23	88	30	65.9	50.0
24	41	18	56.1	66.0
25	74	22	70.3	36.0
26	104	16	84.6	34.0
27	84	22	73.8	47.5
28	83	13	84.3	25.5
29	61	13	78.7	20.5
Average	62.6	15.0	75.1	25.9

Table 4 Questionnaire results

Question	Yes	No
1	29	0
2	15	14
3	29	0
4	25	29