Comparing the incidence of major cardiovascular events and severe microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of eligible studies

Characteristics	ACCORD[42,43]	ADVANCE[45]	Bethel et al[33], 2007	Cheng et al[35], 2015	Gordon et al[36], 2017	Hansen et al[34], 2013	Johnson et al[37], 2013	Kanaya et al[38], 2011	Leal et al[39], 2013	Marre et al[44], 2004	Martin et al[40], 2007	VADT[41]
Study design	Trial	Trial	Cohort	Cohort	Cohort	Cohort	Cohort	Cohort	Cohort	Trial	Cohort	Trial
Treatment	Intensive vs Standard	Intensive vs Standard	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	Ramipril vs Placebo		Intensive vs Standard
Country/Territory	USA	Multiple	USA	Taiwan	UK	Denmark	USA	USA	UK	Multiple	German	USA
No. of Participants	10251	11140	33772	226310	10484	1381	15951	64211	4031	4912	3142	1791
Female (%)	39	42	58	51	46	47	59	47	43	30	51	3
Age (yr)	62	66	74	59	73	65	51	60	62	65	63	60
BMI (kg/m2)	32	28	-	25.8	31	-	-	-	29	-	30	31
Diabetes duration (yr)	10	7	0	5.6	6.0	0	-	9.8	11	9.8	0	11.5
Length of follow-up (yr)	3.5	5	10	6.7	2.4	19	1.6	7.2	8.41	3.9	6.5	5.6
Current smoking (%)	14	14	-	-	14	35	26	12	20	15	-	17
Drinking alcohol (%)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	46	-	-
FPG (mmol/L)	9.7	8.5	-	-	-	13.7	-	-	-	9.8	9.2	11.4
HbA1c (%)	8.3	7.5	-	8.5	8.25	10.2	-	-	8.2	7.8	7.6	9.4
SBP (mmHg)	136	145	-	134	136	148	-	-	139	145	149	132
DBP (mmHg)	75	81	-	80	75	85	-	-	-	82	87	76
Prevalence of MaC (%)1	35	32	0.88	0	12.5	-	15	-	6.4	10.2	22.4	40
Prevalence of MiC (%)1	39	10	0.78	0	13.5	33	17	14	3.6	73.8	-	8

¹The highest prevalence was chosen if more than one macrovascular or microvascular complications were reported. /: not applicable; -: No relevant data; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MaC: Macrovascular complications; MiC: microvascular complications.

Table 2 The risk of major cardiovascular events to that of severe microvascular complications: Subgroup analysis

Subgroup	Relative risk	95%CI	I2 (%)	P difference
Age (yr)			0	0.45
< 65	1.83	1.17-2.84
≥ 65	2.34	1.46-3.75
Study design			80.3	0.02
Cohort	2.67	1.84-3.87
Trial	1.48	1.04-2.11
Length of follow-up (yr)			3.1	0.31
≤ 5	1.74	1.19-2.53
> 5	2.30	1.56-3.39
Diabetes duration (yr)			0	0.75
≤ 9	2.19	1.46-2.87
> 9	1.93	1.27-2.91