Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in Malaysia from 1980-2018: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in Malaysia

Ref.	Sample size, n	Prevalence of hypertension, %	Prevalence of awareness, %	Prevalence of control, %	Quality of article
Abdul-Razak et al[16], 2016	11288	47.9	52.5	15.9	High
Jinam et al[17], 2008	213	40.4	NA	NA	High
Akter et al[18], 2010	219	35.6	NA	NA	High
Amiri et al[19], 2014	1096	39.3	NA	NA	High
Amplavanar et al[20], 2010	3765	34.2	NA	NA	High
Aniza et al[21], 2015	1107	24.0	NA	NA	High
Aniza et al[22], 2016	1489	39.5	NA	NA	High
Annamalai et al[23], 2011	903	26.9	39.5	15.7	High
Azuwani et al[24], 2013	138	42.0	NA	NA	High
Tan et al[25], 2008	109	33.0	NA	NA	High
Chang et al[26], 2012	260	13.9	NA	NA	High
Cheah et al[27], 2015	218	7.3	NA	NA	High
Chee et al[28], 2002	968	1.8	NA	NA	High
Chin et al[29], 2009	1417	52.4	NA	NA	High
Chow et al[30], 2013	11324	47.0	48.3	12.8	High
Chua et al[31], 2017	482	25.5	NA	NA	High
Gan et al[32], 1993	648	16.2	NA	NA	High
Ghazi et al[33], 2017	410	10.0	41.5	NA	Low
Goh et al[34], 2013	1621	22.1	NA	NA	High
Hasnah et al[35], 2012	125	34.4	NA	NA	High
Hazmi et al[36], 2015	308	14.3	NA	NA	High
Ministry of Health Malaysia[37], 2015	23845	30.3	NA	NA	High
Jamal et al[38], 2015	106527	46.4	NA	NA	High
Khan et al[39], 2008	240	58.3	48.6	51.4	High
Latiffah et al[40], 2008	73	39.7	70.8	40.9	High
Latiffah et al[41], 2008	92	51.1	NA	NA	High
Lee et al[42], 2010	226	12.8	NA	NA	Low
Lian et al[43], 2015	223	25.1	NA	NA	High
Liao et al[44], 2010	206	19.9	NA	NA	High
Lim et al[45], 1991	368	30.4	NA	NA	High
Loh et al[46], 2013	1961	54.9	NA	NA	High
Ministry of Health Malaysia[47], 2010	2572	25.7	NA	NA	High
Mohamed et al[48], 2005	4117	33.0	NA	NA	High
Nazri et al[49], 2008	148	13.5	NA	NA	High
Nazri et al[50], 2008	348	12.6	NA	NA	High
Moy et al[51], 2010	380	20.3	NA	NA	High
Narayan et al[52], 2007	431	33.0	NA	NA	High
Narayan et al[53], 2007	479	33.6	28.0	27.5	High
Nasarudin et al[54], 2016	535	21.1	NA	NA	Low
Nawawi et al[55], 2002	608	30.3	NA	NA	High
Ng et al[56], 1995	427	21.1	NA	NA	Low
Noor Hassim et al[57], 2016	5505	25.2	NA	NA	High
Ong et al[58], 2010	205	36.1	81.1	33.8	High
Ong et al[59], 2013	40400	30.1	NA	NA	High
Raihan et al[60], 2013	251	14.3	NA	NA	High
Rampal et al[61], 2008	454	34.4	64.1	25.0	High
Rashid et al[62], 2011	418	54.6	51.8	NA	High
Rasiah et al[63], 2015	6690	37.4	NA	NA	High
Shahar et al[64], 2011	71	32.4	NA	NA	High
Samsudin et al[65], 2016	1414	42.4	NA	NA	High
Sherina et al[66], 2011	202	12.4	NA	NA	High
Shomad et al[67], 2016	56	4.00	NA	NA	High
Sidik et al[68], 2004	223	22.0	NA	NA	High
Teh et al[69], 2014	3406	35.8	NA	NA	Low
Yusoff et al[70], 2010	289	30.1	NA	NA	High
Zainuddin et al[71], 201	298	37.3	NA	NA	High

NA: Not available.

Table 2 Pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval of hypertension and its subgroup analysis

Variable	Number of studies, n	Prevalence, %	95%CI		P value	I2, %	Figure
Overall prevalence
Malaysia	56	29.7	26.1, 33.3		< 0.001	99.7	2
30 and above	16	40.0	35.3, 44.8		< 0.001	98.9	3
Mean age, yr							4
18–29	4	8.6	5.30, 11.90		0.03	66.9
30–39	3	13.5	2.9, 29.9		< 0.001	98.7
40–49	17	27.9	24.9, 30.9		< 0.001	96.5
50–59	4	39.4	29.3, 49.4		< 0.001	99.7
60 and above	6	42.8	30.2, 55.3		< 0.001	95.8
Gender
Male	26	31.4	26.5, 36.2		< 0.001	98.1	5A
Female	26	27.8	20.7, 34.9		< 0.001	99.5	5B
Ethnicity
Malay	17	37.3	32.9, 41.7		< 0.001	98.9	6A
Chinese	8	36.4	31.6, 41.2		< 0.001	96.6	6B
Indian	10	34.8	31.2, 38.4		< 0.001	81.5	6C
Other	9	32.9	25.8, 40.0		< 0.001	98.0	6D
Study setting							7
Community	51	30.2	26.4, 34.1		< 0.001	99.7
Health care setting	5	24.3	16.6, 32.0		< 0.001	97.5
Geographical origin
Rural	19	35.6	29.9, 41.4		< 0.001	98.77	8A
Urban	21	25.4	20.4, 30.4		< 0.001	98.43	8B
Study decade							9
1980-1989	1	16.2	13.4, 19.0		NA	NA
1990-1999	2	36.8	6.1, 67.5		< 0.001	99.42
2000-2009	19	28.7	21.7, 35.8		< 0.001	99.9
2010-2018	9	26.8	21.3, 32.2		< 0.001	98.7
Blood pressure measurement tools							10
Mercury sphygmomanometer	15	33.2	26.4, 40.0		< 0.001	98.8
Digital blood pressure device	16	30.8	25.5, 36.0		< 0.001	99.8

CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Pooled awareness, pooled control and subgroup analyses

Variable	Number of studies, n	Prevalence, %	95%CI	P value	I2, %	Figure
Overall awareness	10	51.4	46.6, 56.3	< 0.001	93.4	11
Gender
Male	3	67.8	42.4, 93.1	< 0.001	97.7	12A
Female	3	62.7	52.8, 72.6	0.046	67.6	12B
Ethnicity
Malay	3	45.4	29.8, 61.0	< 0.001	96.7	13A
Non-Malay	3	47.9	38.9, 56.8	< 0.001	90.4	13B
Geographical origin
Rural	4	45.3	34.9, 55.8	< 0.001	93.3	14
Urban	1	54.1	52.2, 56.0	NA	NA
Overall control	8	33.3	28.4, 38.2	< 0.001	85.2	15
Gender
Male	3	37.1	26.0, 48.2	< 0.001	59.1	16A
Female	3	30.4	16.0, 44.8	< 0.001	80.7	16B
Ethnicity
Malay	2	29.3	27.2, 31.5	0.68	0	17A
Non-Malay	3	35.6	29.9, 41.3	0.210	35.9	17B
Geographical origin
Rural	3	34.1	15.5, 52.7	< 0.001	94.7	18
Urban	1	36.5	33.6, 39.3	NA	NA

CI: Confidence interval; NA: Not available.

Table 4 Sensitivity analysis

Variable	Number of studies, n	Total sample size, n	Total hypertensive, n	Prevalence, %	95%CI	P value	I2, %
Overall prevalence	56	241796	94996	29.7	26.1, 33.3	< 0.001	99.7
Upon removal of studies with poor quality studies	51	237181	93473	28.5	26.0, 31.2	< 0.001	99.4
Upon removal of studies with nonrandom sampling	19	131904	59786	29.7	26.2, 33.4	< 0.001	98.6
Upon removal of studies with sample size < 100	52	131904	59786	28.0	25.6, 30.6	< 0.001	99.3
Upon removal of studies with large sample size > 500	47	28335	8943	28.4	23.3, 33.4	< 0.001	99.2
Upon removal of poor-quality studies, nonrandom studies and studies with sample size < 100	12	46618	16031	26.3	21.6, 31.6	< 0.001	99.2

CI: Confidence interval.