Gender prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the geriatric population of India: A meta-analysis using R

Table 1 The characteristics of each study

Ref.	Study period	Study design	State	Sampling method	Age group	Sample size
Joshi et al[25]	2001	Cross-sectional	Haryana	Cluster sampling	≥ 60	200
Hazarika et al[9]	2002	Cross-sectional	Assam	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	888
Lena et al[31]	2003	Cross-sectional	Karnataka		≥ 60	213
Prakash et al[2]	2003	Cross-sectional	Rajasthan		≥ 60	300
Kishore et al[29]	2004	Cross-sectional	Uttarakhand		≥ 60	285
Khanam et al[28]	2004	Cross-sectional	Bangladesh	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	452
Bhatia et al[17]	2006	Cross-sectional	Haryana	Stratified random sampling	≥ 65	361
Chandrashekhar et al[1]	2008	Cross-sectional	Karnataka	Systematic random sampling	≥ 60	370
Bharati et al[16]	2008	Cross-sectional	Tamil Nadu	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	225
Bhatt et al[18]	2008	Cross-sectional	Gujarat	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	218
Jacob et al[23]	2010	Cross-sectional	Kerala	Cluster sampling	≥ 60	403
Sharma et al[36]	2010	Cross-sectional	Himachal Pradesh	Multistage simple random sampling	≥ 60	400
Ghosh et al[20]	2011	Cross-sectional	Bihar		≥ 60	431
Kamble et al[26]	2011	Cross-sectional	Maharashtra	Systematic random sampling	≥ 60	494
Qadri et al[33]	2011	Cross-sectional	Haryana	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	660
Banjare et al[14]	2012	Cross-sectional	Odisha	PPS, Systematic sampling	≥ 60	310
Dutta et al[19]	2012	Cross-sectional	Assam	Multistage sampling	≥ 60	370
Banjare et al[13]	2012	Cross-sectional	Odisha	Multistage simple random sampling	≥ 60	310
Barman et al[3]	2013	Cross-sectional	Bihar		≥ 60	160
Shubha et al[11]	2013	Cross-sectional	Karnataka	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	180
Karanth et al[27]	2013	Cross-sectional	Karnataka		≥ 60	500
Alam et al[12]	2014	Cross-sectional	Chhattisgarh	Multistage simple random sampling	≥ 60	640
Bardhan et al[10]	2014	Cross-sectional	Uttar Pradesh	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	980
Bartwal et al[15]	2014	Cross-sectional	Uttarakhand	Systematic sampling	≥ 60	440
Gupta et al[21]	2014	Cross-sectional	Punjab		≥ 60	534
Kumar et al[30]	2014	Cross-sectional	Uttar Pradesh	Stratified random sampling	≥ 60	402
Naushad et al[8]	2014	Cross-sectional	Chhattisgarh	Multistage simple random sampling	≥ 60	640
Jain et al[24]	2014	Cross-sectional	Maharashtra	PPS	≥ 60	600
Noor et al[32]	2014	Cross-sectional	Odisha	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	224
Venkateshkrishna et al[37]	2015	Cross-sectional	Karnataka		≥ 60	1452
Sahu et al[35]	2017	Cross-sectional	Uttar Pradesh		≥ 60	231
Reddy et al[34]	2017	Cross-sectional	Telangana	Systematic random sampling	≥ 60	1265
Gupta et al[22]	2018	Cross-sectional	Haryana	Simple random sampling	≥ 60	300

Table 2 Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the male Indian geriatric population

Ref.	n	Cases	Proportion	95%CI	W (Random) (%)
Joshi et al[25]	98	41	0.4184	[0.3195-0.5223]	3.0
Hazarika et al[9]	500	321	0.6420	[0.5982-0.6841]	3.3
Prakash et al[2]	190	84	0.4421	[0.3703-0.5158]	3.2
Kishore et al[29]	177	70	0.3955	[0.3229-0.4716]	3.1
Bhatia et al[17]	152	53	0.3487	[0.2733-0.4301]	3.1
Chandrashekhar et al[1]	181	35	0.1934	[0.1385-0.2585]	3.2
Lena et al[31]	92	53	0.5761	[0.4686-0.6785]	3.0
Bhatt et al[18]	74	19	0.2568	[0.1622-0.3716]	3.0
Bharati et al[16]	92	34	0.3696	[0.2712-0.4766]	3.0
Khanam et al[28]	204	74	0.3627	[0.2968-0.4328]	3.2
Kamble et al[26]	232	50	0.2155	[0.1644-0.2741]	3.2
Sharma et al[36]	196	64	0.3265	[0.2614-0.3970]	3.2
Qadri et al[33]	336	135	0.4018	[0.3489-0.4564]	3.2
Barman et al[3]	88	47	0.5341	[0.4246-0.6412]	2.9
Banjare et al[13]	153	40	0.2614	[0.1938-0.3385]	3.2
Noor et al[32]	132	62	0.4697	[0.3823-0.5585]	3.1
Ghosh et al[20]	196	96	0.4898	[0.4179-0.5620]	3.2
Kumar et al[30]	190	66	0.3474	[0.2799-0.4197]	3.2
Bardhan et al[10]	293	30	0.1024	[0.0702-0.1429]	3.3
Dutta et al[19]	162	57	0.3519	[0.2786-0.4307]	3.1
Banjare et al[14]	153	40	0.2614	[0.1938-0.3385]	3.2
Shubha et al[11]	42	15	0.3571	[0.2155-0.5197]	2.6
Alam et al[12]	267	113	0.4232	[0.3632-0.4849]	3.2
Gupta et al[21]	244	94	0.3852	[0.3239-0.4495]	3.2
Bartwal et al[15]	187	77	0.4118	[0.3405-0.4859]	3.2
Naushad et al[8]	241	113	0.4689	[0.4045-0.5340]	3.2
Jain et al[24]	262	133	0.5076	[0.4454-0.5697]	3.2
Venkateshkrishna et al[37]	530	145	0.2736	[0.2360-0.3137]	3.3
Sahu et al[35]	61	15	0.2459	[0.1446-0.3729]	2.9
Jacob et al[23]	135	77	0.5704	[0.4824-0.6552]	3.1
Reddy et al[34]	594	191	0.3215	[0.2841-0.3608]	3.3
Gupta et al[22]	132	59	0.4470	[0.3604-0.5359]	3.1

Table 3 Tests of heterogeneity among studies of the male Indian geriatric population

Test of heterogeneity	Prevalence	LCI 95%	HCI 95%
Pooled Statistics	0.38	0.33	0.43
Heterogeneity	4.48	4.02	4.98
I-squared	95.0	93.8	96.0
Cochran's Q	621.09
χ2, P value	0.0001
τ2	0.0197

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4 Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the female Indian geriatric population

Study name	N	Cases	Proportion	95%CI	%W (Random)
Joshi et al[25]	102	57	0.5588	[0.4571-0.6571]	3.0
Hazarika et al[9]	388	244	0.6289	[0.5787-0.6771]	3.2
Prakash et al[2]	110	60	0.5455	[0.4477-0.6407]	3.0
Kishore et al[29]	108	48	0.4444	[0.3488-0.5432]	3.0
Bhatia et al[17]	209	97	0.4641	[0.3950-0.5342]	3.1
Chandrashekhar et al[1]	189	30	0.1587	[0.1097-0.2188]	3.2
Lena et al[31]	121	73	0.6033	[0.5104-0.6911]	3.0
Bhatt et al[18]	144	56	0.3889	[0.3088-0.4736]	3.1
Bharati et al[16]	122	68	0.5574	[0.4647-0.6472]	3.0
Khanam et al[28]	248	101	0.4073	[0.3455-0.4712]	3.2
Kamble et al[26]	262	69	0.2634	[0.2111-0.3211]	3.2
Sharma et al[36]	204	98	0.4804	[0.4101-0.5513]	3.1
Qadri et al[33]	324	159	0.4907	[0.4351-0.5466]	3.2
Barman et al[3]	72	34	0.4722	[0.3533-0.5935]	2.9
Noor et al[32]	92	46	0.5000	[0.3939-0.6061]	2.9
Ghosh et al[20]	235	82	0.3489	[0.2881-0.4136]	3.2
Kumar et al[30]	212	71	0.3349	[0.2717-0.4028]	3.1
Bardhan et al[10]	197	19	0.0964	[0.0591-0.1465]	3.2
Dutta et al[19]	208	77	0.3702	[0.3044-0.4397]	3.1
Banjare et al[14]	157	20	0.1274	[0.0796-0.1899]	3.2
Shubha et al[11]	138	19	0.1377	[0.0850-0.2066]	3.2
Alam et al[12]	373	207	0.5550	[0.5029-0.6061]	3.2
Karanth et al[27]	500	130	0.2600	[0.2221-0.3008]	3.2
Gupta et al[21]	290	158	0.5448	[0.4856-0.6031]	3.2
Bartwal et al[15]	253	99	0.3913	[0.3308-0.4544]	3.2
Naushad et al[8]	369	207	0.5610	[0.5087-0.6123]	3.2
Jain et al[24]	338	144	0.4260	[0.3727-0.4807]	3.2
Venkateshkrishna et al[37]	922	402	0.4360	[0.4037-0.4687]	3.2
Sahu et al[35]	170	52	0.3059	[0.2376-0.3811]	3.1
Jacob et al[23]	268	124	0.4627	[0.4018-0.5244]	3.2
Reddy et al[34]	671	193	0.2876	[0.2536-0.3235]	3.2
Gupta et al[22]	168	88	0.5238	[0.4455-0.6013]	3.1

Table 5 Tests of heterogeneity among studies of the female Indian geriatric population

Tests of heterogeneity	Prevalence	LCI 95%	HCI 95%
Pooled Statistics	0.409	0.355	0.462
Heterogeneity	5.31	4.82	5.84
I-squared	96.4	95.7	97.1
Cochran's Q	873.0
χ2, P value	0.0001
τ2	0.0229