Red meat intake and the risk of endometrial cancer: Meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 1 Summary of case-control studies of red meat consumption and endometrial cancer

Ref.	Location	Study base, subjects	Nutrient	Measurement (unit)	Reference year	Adjustment factors	OR(95%CI)	Meta-analysis
								Con-ventional	Dose-response
Shu et al[20]	China	Population; 268 cases, 278 controls	Red meat	1 liang (50 g)	10 yr prior to interview	Age, number of pregnancies, BMI, caloric intake	2.5	√	√
Potischman et al[21]	United States	Population; 399 cases, 296 controls	Red meat	Times/wk	Past few years	Age, BMI, estrogen use, oral contraceptive, number of births, current smoking, education, total calories	1.3 (0.8-2.4)	√	√
Levi et al[22]	Swiss	Hospital; 274 cases, 572 controls	Beef	Subjective score	Year before the occurrence of symptoms	Study center, age	2.26 (1.57-3.24)	√
Goodman et al[23]	United States (Hawaii)	Population; 332 cases, 511 controls	Red meat	g	Year prior to diagnosis	Age, ethnicity, pregnancy history, oral contraceptive, diabetes, BMI, total calories	2 (1.1-3.7)	√	√
McCann et al[24]	United States	Population; 232 cases, 639 controls	Red meat	Times/mo	2 yr prior to interview	Age, education, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, age at menarche, parity, oral contraceptive, menopausal status, estrogen	0.8 (0.5-1.4)	√	√
Tavani et al[25]	Italy	Hospital; 750 cases, 4770 controls	Red meat	Portions/wk	2 yr preceding diagnosis	Age, year of recruitment, education, smoking, alcohol, fat, fruit, vegetables	1.5 (1.2-1.8)	√	√
Littman et al[26]	United States	Population; 679 cases, 944 controls	All meat	Servings/d	5 yr prior to diagnosis	Age, residence, total energy intake, unopposed estrogen, smoking, BMI	1 (0.75-1.4)	√
Terry et al[27]	Sweden	Hospital; 709 cases, 2887 controls	All meat	Quartile	1 yr before diagnosis	Age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, diabetes, fatty fish consumption, total food consumption	1.3 (1.0-1.8)	√
Dalvi et al[28]	United States	Population; 488 cases, 461 controls	Western diet	Quintile	1 yr preceding diagnosis	Age, race, age at menarche, oral contraceptive, parity, daily calorie intake, physical activity, menopause, hormone therapy, BMI	1.5 (0.77-3.0)	√
Xu et al[29]	China	Population; 1204 cases, 1212 controls	Red meat	1 liang (50 g)	Past 5 yr	Age, menopause, diabetes, alcohol, BMI, physical activity, total energy intake, other meat	1.3 (1.0-1.8)	√	√
Petridou et al[30]	Greece	Hospital 84 cases 84 controls	All meat	Frequency/mo	1 yr preceding onset of disease	Education, BMI, pregnancy, total energy intake	0.78 (0.53-1.16)	√

OR: Odds ratio; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Summary of cohort, case-cohort studies of red meat consumption and endometrial cancer

Ref.	Location	Cohort	Studydesign	Population	Nutrient	Intake unit	Reference year	Adjustment factors	RR (95%CI)
Zheng et al[15]	United States	Iowa Women’s Health Study	Cohort	23070 total 216 cases	Total meat	g/d	Baseline	Age, age at menopause, parity, hormone therapy, total energy intake	1.1
Kabat et al[16]	Canada	National Breast Screening Study	Cohort	426 cases 33722 non-cases	Red meat	g/d	Baseline	Age, BMI, menopause, parity, age at menarche, estrogen use, oral contraceptive, total calories, raw vegetable, alcohol intake, physical activity, education	0.86 (0.61-1.22)
van Lonkhuijzen et al[6]	Canada	Canadian Study of Diet, Lifestyle, and Health	Case-cohort	56837 total 221 cases 3697 non-cases	Red meat	g/d	Baseline	Age, BMI, age at menarche, number of live birhts, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive, exercise, average calorie, vegetable intake, postmenopausal status, hormone therapy	1.62 (0.86-3.08)
Genkinger et al[7]	Sweden	Swedish Mammography Cohort	Cohort	60895 total 720 cases	Red meat	g/wk	Baseline	Age, energy, BMI, parity, and education	1.06 (0.68-1.66)
Arem et al[17]	United States	NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study	Cohort	72796 total 966 cases	Red meat	g/1000 kcal	Baseline	Age, BMI, smoking, total energy intake, age at menarche, age at first child’s birth, parity, age at menopause, hormone therapy, oral contraceptive, diabetes, physical activity	0.91 (0.77-1.08)

RR: Risk ratio.