Vascular complications of liver abscess: A literature review

Table 1 The vascular thrombotic complications in association with amebic liver abscess

Ref.	Study type	Vascular complication	Age /gender	LA size & site	Treatment	Outcomes
Sarda et al[32], 2010, India	Case series, n = 3	IVC thrombosis	21, 24, and 61 years/M	Large, caudate lobe	Antibiotics and PD	Complete resolution
Jesrani et al[43], 2020, India	Case report	PTE	26 years/M	Large, segment VIII	Antibiotics, PD, and anticoagulation	Stable clinical improvement
Sodhi et al[34], 2007, India	Case report	Hepatic vein and IVC thrombosis	57 years/M	Large, right lobe	Antibiotics, PD, and anticoagulation	Continued improvement
Martin et al[26], 2017, Canada	Case report	IVC and hepatic vein thrombosis	43 years/M	Large, caudate lobe	Antibiotics	Stable clinical improvement
Gupta et al[72], 2013, India	Case report	IVC thrombosis	6 years/M	Small, left lobe	Antibiotics + surgical thrombectomy	Complete resolution
Khan et al[73], 2009, Pakistan	Case report	IVC and right atrium thrombus	46 years/M	Large, right lobe	Antibiotics, PD, anticoagulation, and surgical thrombectomy	Complete recovery
Prendki et al[9], 2011, France	Case report	IVC and right atrial thrombosis, and PTE	23 years/M	Large, right lobe	Antibiotics, PD, and anticoagulation	Continued clinical improvement
McKenzie et al[10], 2015, United States	Case report	IVC and HV thrombosis, PTE	43 years/M	Large, left lobe	Antibiotics and anticoagulation	Stable clinical improvement
Goel et al[53], 2020, India	Case report	Bilhaemia, PVT, and HVT	64 years/M	Large, segment IV	Antibiotics, PD, and anticoagulation + biliary stenting	Complete improvement
Marak et al[17], 2023, India	Case series, n = 3	IVC thrombosis	38, 55 & 56 years/M	Large, both lobe	Antibiotics and PD	Stable improvement
Siddiqui et al[64], 2013, India	Case report	IVC and right atrial thrombus	2 years/M	Large, segment IV/VIII	Antibiotics, surgery, anticoagulation	Complete resolution of abscess
Ray et al[70], 2012, India	Case report	IVC thrombosis	47 years/M	Large, right lobe	Antibiotics and PD	Uneventful recovery
Méchaï et al[65], 2009, France	Case report	HVT (Budd-Chiari syndrome)	87 years/M	Large, right lobe	Antibiotics, PD, and anticoagulation	Progressive recovery
Thati and Nagral[66], 2014, India	Case report	IVC thrombosis with PTE	50 years/M	Large, segment VIII	Antibiotics, PD, and anticoagulation	Complete improvement
Priyadarshi et al[14], 2020, India	Prospective cohort, n = 62	Venous thrombosis in 43 (69%), including PVT, HVT and IVC thrombosis	Mean age 37 years/M 95%	Mean size 95 cm, both lobes	Antibiotics and PD	Partial resolution of thrombus and segmental atrophy of liver in 5 patients after 2 months

IVC: Inferior vena cava; PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; HVT: Hepatic vein thrombosis; PD: Percutaneous drainage; PTE: Pulmonary thromboembolism.

Table 2 The vascular thrombotic complications in association with pyogenic liver abscess

Ref.	Study, patient (s)	Types of vascular complications	Demographics	PLA size and location	Treatment	Outcomes
Syed et al[35], 2007, Canada	Retrospective study, PLA, n = 67	PVT (24%) and HVT (22%)	Mean age 55 years, male 80%	Mean, 8.5 cm, mainly right lobe	Standard treatment, detail NA	Thrombosis resolved in 37% within 6 months
Trad et al[67], 2022, United States	Case report, PLA	Pylephlebitis (PVT)	49 years male	5 cm × 3.5 cm, right lobe	Antibiotics and anticoagulation	Complete recovery
Molton et al[40], 2015 Singapore	Retrospective study, n = 169 KLA	Regional vein thrombosis	Median age 58 years, 71% male	Mean abscess size 67cm, both lobe	Antibiotics, drainage in 77% patients, anticoagulation in one patient	Complete recanalization in 73.2% cases, death in 3.6% patients
Wang et al[36], 2013 Taiwan	Retrospective study, n = 35, KLA	Pylephlebitis	Median age 57, 83% male	NA	Antibiotics	Longer hospital stay, but no mortality
Kubo et al[41], 2017, Japan	Case report, PLA (Morganella morganii)	PVT and Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis	59 years/male	PLA in segment VIII	Antibiotics, anticoagulants and surgery for diverticulitis	Stable clinical improvement
Güz et al[37], 2006, Turkey	Case report, PLA (Lactococcus lactis)	PVT	26 years/male	17 cm × 11 cm × 11 cm PLA, right lobe	Antibiotics, PD, and anticoagulants	Persistent PVT till 6 months
Shah and Bhatnagar[44], 2009, India	Case report, PLA	PVT and portal cavernoma	20-day neonate	5.1 cm × 5.8 cm PLA, right lobe	Antibiotics, surgical drainage	Stable improvement
Aggarwal et al[45], 2003, India	Case report, PLA (Staphylococcus aureus)	PVT and portal cavernoma	28-day, neonate	5 cm × 4 cm PLA, right lobe	Antibiotics	Stable improvement
Etienne et al[68], 2001, Australia	Case report, PLA (Fusobacterium nucleatum)	Pylephlebitis (PVT)	68 years/male	3-cm × 5-cm PLA, right lobe	IV antibiotics, anticoagulants	Complete resolution
Zhou et al[42], 2022, China	Case report, KLA	Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis	54 years/male	Multiple abscess, largest 59 mm × 49 mm, right lobe	Antibiotics, anticoagulants	Clinical improvement, no significant change in cerebral sinus thrombosis
Ogah et al[39], 2012, United Kingdom	Case report, PLA (Clostridium clostridioforme)	PVT	6 years/F	Multiple PLA	Antibiotics and PD	Complete recovery
Bagri et al[56], 2013, India	Case report, PLA	IVC and right atrial thrombosis	2 years 9 month boy	5 cm × 4.8 cm × 5.8 cm, right lobe	Antibiotics and surgery	Gradual complete improvement
Linsen et al[69], 2023, Netherlands	Case report, PLA (Escherichia coli and Fusobacteriumspp)	Pylephlebitis	42 years/male	Multiple abscesses, right lobe	Antibiotics, anticoagulants	Gradual improvement with complete resolution of abscess
Mehrotra et al[28], 1991, India	Case report, PLA (Staphylococcus aureus)	Acute Budd Chiari, IVC thrombosis	6 years/male	Right lobe liver abscess	Antibiotics and Surgical drainage	Complete recovery
Maffiolo et al[71], 2006, France	Case series, KLA	Thrombophlebitis of HV	42 and 55, male	Multiple abscesses right lobe	Antibiotics and PD	Complete improvement

KLA: Klebsiella liver abscess, IVC: Inferior vena cava; PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; HVT: Hepatic vein thrombosis; PD: Percutaneous drainage; PLA: Pyogenic liver abscess.

Table 3 Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm associated with amebic and pyogenic liver abscess

Ref.	Study type	Age/gender	LA type	Complication	Treatment	Outcomes
Silvestri and Ngasala[49], 2022, Tanzania	Case review, n = 6	Mean age 448 years	ALA	HAPA	IV antibiotics and aneurysm embolization in 3 cases	Uneventful recovery in 5 patients
Priyadarshi et al[19], 2019, India	Case report	52 years/M	ALA	Right HAPA (10 mm) with hemobilia	Antibiotics and PD	Complete resolution
Tacconi et al[75], 2009, Italy	Case report	31 years/M	ALA	Right HAPA (15 mm)	Antibiotics and needle aspiration of ALA	Complete resolution
Yadav et al[51], 2015, India	Case report	45 years/M	ALA	HAPA with hemobilia	Antibiotics, PD of ALA and percutaneous glue embolization	Uneventful recovery
Kang et al[18], 2006, India	Case report	58 years/F	ALA	Right HAPA (15 mm) with rupture into abscess	PD of ALA + Coil embolization	Complete resolution
Qi et al[50], 2023, United States	Case report	50 years/F	PLA	HAPA	IV antibiotics and PD	Complete improvement
Lee et al[74], 2020, Korea	Case report	80 years/M	PLA	HAPA	IV antibiotics, PD and percutaneous embolization	Complete resolution

ALA: Amebic liver abscess; PLA: Pyogenic liver abscess; HAPA: Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm; PD: Percutaneous drainage.