Diabetes mellitus: An overview of the types, prevalence, comorbidity, complication, genetics, economic implication, and treatment

Table 1 Diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes among people aged 18 years or older in the United States, 2019

Characteristics	Diagnosed diabetics (number in millions)	Undiagnosed diabetics (number in millions)	Total diabetics (number in millions)
Total	28.5	8.5	37.1
Age (year)
18-44	3.5	2.1	5.6
45-64	11.8	3.8	15.5
≥ 65	13.2	2.6	15.9
Sex
Men	15.4	3.6	19.1
Women	13.1	4.9	18.0

Data sources: 2017–March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; 2019 United States Census Bureau data[14].

Table 2 New cases of diagnosed diabetes among people aged 18 years or older in the United States, 2018-2019

Characteristics	Population estimates, number in thousands	Incidence estimates, rate per 1000
Total	1398	5.9
Age in year
18-44	401	3.2
45-64	703	10.1
≥ 65	293	5.8
Sex
Men	723	6.6
Women	675	5.2

Data sources: 2018–2019 National Health Interview Survey and 2019 United States Census Bureau data[14].

Table 3 Estimated relative risk of genes that affect type I diabetes mellitus

Gene	Locus	Variant	Estimated relative risk
HLA-DQB1	6p21.3	*0201 & *0302	3-45
INS	11p15.5	Class I	1-2
CTLA4	2q31-35	Thr17Ala	1-2

CTLA4: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated 4; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; INS: Insulin.

Table 4 Estimated relative risk of genes that affect type II diabetes mellitus

Gene	Locus	Variant	Estimated relative risk
PPARγ	3p25	Pro12Ala	1-3
ABCC8	11p15.1	Ser1369Ala	2-4
KCNJ11	11p15.1	Glu23Lys	1-2
CALPN10	2q37.3	A43G 1	1-4

ABCC8: ATP binding cassette, subfamily C, member 8; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ.