Smoking increases risk of tooth loss: A meta-analysis of the literature

Figure 1 Selection of literature.

Figure 2 Forest plots of relative risk. The size of the squares corresponds to the weight of the study in the meta-analysis. Combined relative risk was calculated using the random-effects model. Weights are from random effects analysis.

Figure 3 Forest plots of relative risk sorted by mean age of the study population (A) and by the number of teeth lost defined as representing a case (B). A: The size of the squares corresponds to the weight of the study in the meta-analysis. Combined relative risk was calculated using the random-effects model; B: The studies with definition of 1 means those losing one or more teeth were defined as cases. The size of the squares corresponds to the weight of the study in the meta-analysis. Combined relative risk was calculated using the random-effects model. Weights are from random effects analysis.

Figure 4 Funnel plot of included studies for the evaluation of publication bias.

Figure 5 Subset-analysis according to the precision of studies. Weights are from random effects analysis.

Figure 6 Subset meta-analysis according to smoking status. Weights are from random effects analysis.