Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on hospital admissions for epistaxis in Germany

Table 1 Total cases of patients with epistaxis in Germany

Category		All	Gender		Age group (yr)
			Female	Male	0-39	40-79	80+
February 1, 2019- March 14, 2019	N	2620	1075	1545	249	1580	791
	Cases per week		179.3 (36.8)	257.5 (70.0)	41.5 (8.2)	263.3 (62.9)	131.8 (37.8)
March 15, 2019-April 26, 2019	N	3082	1201	1881	301	1768	1013
	Cases per week		171.4 (16.3)	268.7 (20.6)	43.0 (8.6)	252.6 (17.6)	144.7 (8.1)
April 27, 2019-June 8, 2019	N	2210	920	1290	233	1297	680
	Cases per week		153.3 (14.6)	215.0 (24.5)	38.8 (8.7)	216.2 (24.4)	113.3 (13.9)
February 1, 2020-March 14, 2020	N	2526	955	1571	269	1449	808
	Cases per week		136.4 (42.3)	224.4 (69.7)	38.4 (12.4)	207.0 (61.2)	115.4 (40.6)
March 15, 2020-April 26, 2020 (lockdown)	N	1885	735	1150	118	1091	676
	Cases per week		122.5 (8.1)	191.7 (18.7)	19.7 (5.2)	181.8 (18.8)	112.7 (6.4)
April 27, 2020-June 8, 2020	N	1790	718	1072	123	2090	587
	Cases per week		119.7 (20.8)	178.7 (15.4)	20.5 (6.0)	180.0 (19.7)	97.8 (12.2)
February 1, 2021-March 14, 2021	N	2042	853	1189	166	1185	691
	Cases per week		142.2 (9.2)	198.2 (24.2)	27.7 (6.4)	197.5 (13.9)	115.2 (8.5)
March 15, 2021-April 26, 2021	N	2127	889	1238	218	1226	683
	Cases per week		148.2 (12.2)	206.3 (7.6)	36.3 (8.6)	204.3 (11.6)	113.8 (14.2)
April 27, 2021-June 8, 2021	N	1998	808	1190	217	1086	695
	Cases per week		115.4 (32.5)	170.0 (54.3)	31.0 (8.6)	155.1 (48.8)	99.3 (30.4)
February 1, 2022-March 14, 2022	N	2046	812	1234	184	1193	669
	Cases per week		135.3 (19.5)	205.7 (35.0)	30.7 (5.7)	198.8 (34.4)	111.5 (15.5)
March 15, 2022-April 26, 2022	N	1953	753	1200	213	1096	644
	Cases per week		125.5 (11.7)	200.0 (22.3)	35.5 (7.5)	182.7 (15.3)	107.3 (6.0)
April 27, 2022-June 8, 2022	N	1904	743	1161	221	1094	589
	Cases per week		106.2 (27.0)	165.9 (46.3)	31.6 (10.1)	156.3 (42.0)	84.1 (22.9)

Cases per week: Mean, standard deviation (SD).

Table 2 Total cases of patients in regard to the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown in Germany

Category	Pre-lockdown			Lockdown		Post-lockdown
	Cases per week	95%CI	P value	Cases per week	95%CI	Cases per week	95%CI	P value
Total	401.5 (84.2)	367.5-435.5	0.05	314.2 (20.6)	292.5-335.8	315.0 (56.2)	297.9-332.1	NS
Female	159.7 (33.1)	146.3-173.0	0.01	112.5 (8.1)	113.9-131.0	126.7 (24.3)	119.3-134.1	NS
Male	241.8 (53.7)	220.1-263.5	NS	191.7 (18.7)	172.1-211.2	188.3 (35.8)	117.4-199.2	a
MFR	1.52 (0.18)	1.45-1.59	NS	1.57 (0.18)	1.38-1.76	1.50 (0.22)	1.43-1.56	NS
0-39	40.4 (9.3)	36.7-44.2	a	19.7 (5.2)	14.2-25.1	30.5 (8.3)	27.7-33.0	0.01
40-79	234.4 (49.7)	214.3-254.5	0.01	181.8 (18.8)	162.0-201.6	180.9 (34.5)	170.4-191.4	NS
80+	126.6 (30.2)	114.4-138.8	NS	112.7 (6.4)	105.9-119.4	103.6 (19.9)	97.5-109.6	NS

^aP < 0.001.

Cases per week: Mean, standard deviation (SD); Reference period: Lockdown group, MFR: Male-to-female ratio; NS: Not significant.

Table 3 Interrupted time series analysis

Category	Lockdown			Post-lockdown
	Cases per week	95%CI	Δpred-rep (%)a	Cases per week	95%CI	Δpred-rep (%)b
Total
Reported	314.2 (20.6)	292.5-335.8		315.0 (56.2)	297.9-332.1
Predicted	364.7	152.8-576.9	+13.9	253.3	214.9-291.7	-24.5
Female
Reported	112.5 (8.1)	113.9-131.0		126.7 (24.3)	119.3-134.1
Predicted	126.3	67.5-185.1	+12.3	123.0	102.0-143.0	-3.0
Male
Reported	191.7 (18.7)	172.1-211.2		188.3 (35.8)	117.4-199.2
Predicted	242.0	131.0-352.0	+26.3	139.1	100.0-178.1	-35.4
0-39
Reported	19.7 (5.2)	14.2-25.1		30.5 (8.3)	27.7-33.0
Predicted	41.3	23.9-59.3	+52.3	20.0	6.0-33.0	-52.5
40-79
Reported	181.8 (18.8)	162.0-201.6		180.9 (34.5)	170.4-191.4
Predicted	212.1	92.3-332.5	+14.3	127.4	89.4-165.1	-42.0
80+
Reported	112.7 (6.4)	105.9-119.4		103.6 (19.9)	97.5-109.6
Predicted	127.0	64.0-189.0	+11.3	113.0	86.0-129.0	+8.3

^aBased on the counterfactual calculated from the pre-lockdown period.

^bBased on the counterfactual calculated from the lockdown period. Cases per week: Mean, standard deviation (SD).