Fascinating history of groin hernias: Comprehensive recognition of anatomy, classic considerations for herniorrhaphy, and current controversies in hernioplasty

Table 1 History of anatomy and surgery for groin hernia

Name	Year	Remarks
G. Falloppio (1523-1562)		Importance of the IL (Etiology)
F. Poupart (1661- 1709)		Poupart’s ligament (i.e., the inguinal ligament)
P. Camper (1722-1789)		Camper’s fascia (Anatomy)
A. Scarpa (1752-1832)		Scarpa’s fascia (Anatomy)
D. Cantemir (1673-1723)	1716	Successful surgery (via a laparotomy)
L. Heister (1683-1758)		Bowel resection for strangulated hernia
P. Roland Arnaud de Ronsil	1724	Obturator hernia
C. Amyand (1660-1749)	1735	Amyand’s hernia
AG. Richter (1742-1812)	1777	Strangulated hernia
AP. Cooper (1768-1841)		Cooper’s ligament (Anatomy)
HO. Marcy (1837-1924)	1806	Marcy’s repair (Anterior approach)
FK. Hesselbach (1759-1816)	1871	Hesselbach’s triangle (Anatomy)
WJ. Mitchell Banks (1842–1904)	1882	Simple high ligation in infants and children
E. Basssini (1844-1924)	1887	Bassini’s repair (Anterior approach)
WS. Halsted (1852-1922)		Modified Bassini’s repair
EW. Andrews (1824-1904)		Modified Bassini’s repair
L. Tait (1845-1899)	1891	Transabdominal approach
J. Lucas Championniere (1843-1913)	1892	Simple high ligation in infants and children
G. La Roque (1876-1934)	1919	Transabdominal approach
GL. Cheatle (1865-1951)	1920	TEP approach
RH. Russel (1860-1933)	1925	Sac removal in infants and children
A. Henry (1886-1962)	1936	Transabdominal approach
CB. McVay (1911–1987)	1939	McVay’s repair (Anterior approach)
BJ. Anson (1894-1874)		Importance of the TF
WJ. Potts (1895-1968)	1945	Potts’ method in infants and children
EE. Shouldice (1981-1965)	1953	Shouldice’s repair (Anterior approach)
H. Fruchaud (1894-1960)	1956	The PPS (Anatomy)
CE. Koop (1916-2013)	1957	Koop’s fixation
FC. Usher (1908-1980)	1958	Monofilament polypropylene mesh (Anterior approach)
LM. Nyhus (1923-2008)	1959	IPT repair (Preperitoneal approach)
J. Rives (1873-1985)	1965	Mesh placement in the PPS (Preperitoneal approach)
RE. Stoppa (1921-2006)	1969	Prosthetic reinforcement in the PPS (Preperitoneal approach)
P. Fletcher	1979	Laparoscope use (Laparoscopic approach)
R. Gel	1982	Laparoscopic repair (Laparoscopic approach)
IL. Lichtenstein (1920-2000)	1986	Mesh plug (Anterior approach)
		The concept of TFR
S. Bogojavalensky	1989	Laparoscopic repair with mesh plug (Laparoscopic approach)
L. Schultz	1990	The first series of laparoscopic repair (Laparoscopic approach)
JL. Dulucq	1991	Mesh placement in the PPS (Endoscopic approach)
FK. Toy and RT. Smoot, Jr.	1991	Intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair (Laparoscopic approach)
RJ. Fitzgibbons, Jr.	1991	Intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair (Laparoscopic approach)
AT. Spaw and LP. Spaw	1991	Triangle of doom (Anatomy)
AI. Gilbert	1992	Sutureless technique (Anterior approach)
ME. Arregui	1992	TAPP repair (Laparoscopic approach)
GS. Ferzli	1992	TEP repair (Endoscopic approach)
JM. Himpens	1992	TEP repair (Endoscopic approach)
JB. McKernan and HL. Laws	1993	TEP repair (Endoscopic approach)
EH. Phillips	1993	TEP repair (Endoscopic approach)
R. Annibali, TH. Quinn and RJ. Fitzgibbons Jr.	1993	Triangle of pain (Anatomy)

IL: Inguinal ligament; IPT: Iliopubic tract; PPS: Preperitoneal (posterior) space; TAPP: Transabdominal preperitoneal; TEP: Totally extraperitoneal; TF: Transversalis fascia; TFR: Tension-free repair.

Table 2 Preperitoneal (posterior) space and myopectineal orifice

Name	Year	SPL (Posterior sub-peritoneal fascia)	DVL (Anterior sub-peritoneal fascia)
AP. Cooper	1807	TF-inner portion	-
WJ. Lytle	1945	Preperitoneal fascia	-
EE. Shouldice	1953	Preperitoneal fascia	-
H. Fruchaud	1956	PPS at the MO	-
LM. Nyhus	1959	PPS	-
J. Rives	1965	Inguinal PPS	-
R. Fowler	1975	Preperitoneal fascia-membranous layer	Preperitoneal fascia-areolar layer
RE. Stoppa	1977	Urogenital fascia	Urogenital fascia
		Umbilico-prevesical fascia	Umbilico-prevesical fascia
		Spermatic sheath	Spermatic sheath
RC. Read	1992	TF-posterior lamina	-
ME. Arregui	1997	Attenuated rectus sheath	Umbilical prevesicular fascia
		TF-posterior lamina	Preperitoneal fascia

DVL: Deeper visceral layer; MO: Myopectineal orifice; PPS: Preperitoneal (posterior) space; SPL: Superficial parietal layer; TF: Transversalis fascia.