Published online Jun 20, 2025. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v15.i2.98066
Revised: September 9, 2024
Accepted: September 25, 2024
Published online: June 20, 2025
Processing time: 163 Days and 3.9 Hours
The critical role of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in enhancing clinical decision-making and promoting patient-centered care has gained a profound significance in scientific research. PROMs encapsulate a patient's health status directly from their perspective, encompassing various domains such as symptom severity, functional status, and overall quality of life. By integrating PROMs into routine clinical practice and research, healthcare providers can achieve a more nuanced understanding of patient experiences and tailor treatments accordingly. The deployment of PROMs supports dynamic patient-provider interactions, fostering better patient engagement and adherence to tre
Core Tip: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are essential for patient-centered care, offering insights into patients’ health status and treatment impact. Addressing technological, policy, and educational advancements to maximize PROMs’ effectiveness in healthcare, future efforts should focus on optimizing PROMs’ integration and utility in clinical practice and research.
- Citation: Jeyaraman N, Jeyaraman M, Ramasubramanian S, Balaji S, Muthu S. Voices that matter: The impact of patient-reported outcome measures on clinical decision-making. World J Methodol 2025; 15(2): 98066
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v15/i2/98066.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v15.i2.98066
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) represent a significant evolution in healthcare, emphasizing the subjective experiences of patients alongside traditional clinical metrics[1]. The genesis of PROMs traces back to a growing acknowledgment that patient perspectives are crucial for a holistic understanding of health outcomes. These tools capture a range of patient experiences and outcomes, from physical symptoms and functional status to psychological well-being and life satisfaction, directly reported by patients themselves without interpretation by clinicians or others[2]. This direct feed
The importance of PROMs lies in their ability to bring the patient's voice into the clinical arena, ensuring that the care provided aligns with what matters most to the patients themselves. By systematically capturing how patients feel and function, PROMs provide a richer, more nuanced picture of the patient experience than traditional clinical outcomes alone[4]. This enhancement in data collection helps clinicians to tailor treatments to individual needs, potentially leading to improved health outcomes. In clinical settings, PROMs have been pivotal in expanding the understanding of various health conditions. For instance, in mental health, PROMs are utilized to assess conditions like depression and anxiety, often influencing treatment decisions such as the choice of therapeutic interventions and the monitoring of patient progress over time. Similarly, in chronic conditions like arthritis or diabetes, PROMs help in monitoring disease progression and the impact of treatments on patient quality of life, thereby guiding adjustments in management plans. The integration of PROMs into clinical practice has encouraged a more dynamic interaction between patients and healthcare providers[5,6]. It facilitates a dialogue where patients can express concerns about their health, which may be overlooked in standard clinical assessments. For example, in oncology, PROMs have guided discussions about symptoms and side effects that are critically relevant to patients’ quality of life but might not be routinely solicited during clinical visits[7]. This ongoing feedback loop not only enhances patient satisfaction and engagement but also fosters a therapeutic alliance that supports better health outcomes.
PROMs are standardized, validated questionnaires used by patients to report on aspects of their health status that matter most to them, such as symptoms, functionality, and quality of life, without interpretation by clinicians or anyone else[8]. The core intent of PROMs is to capture data that reflect patients' perceptions of their health conditions, providing a direct insight into the impact of diseases and treatments from the patient's perspective[9]. PROMs can be broadly categorized into several types based on the nature of the information they aim to collect.
Symptom scales: These are designed to measure the severity and frequency of symptoms associated with specific health conditions. For instance, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Asthma Symptom Utility Index provide insights into the mental and respiratory symptoms patients experience, respectively[10].
Functional scales: These assess the impact of a health condition on a patient’s ability to perform daily activities. The Health Assessment Questionnaire used in rheumatology and the Stroke Impact Scale are examples where patients’ functional abilities and limitations are evaluated[10].
Quality of life assessments: These encompass broader aspects of a patient's life, including physical, mental, and social health. Tools like the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and the European five-dimensional health questionnaire are used across various diseases to assess overall well-being and quality of life[10].
Each type of PROMs is tailored to capture specific information that is relevant to different therapeutic areas, disease states, or treatment responses, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of patient outcomes[11,12]. The summary of commonly used PROMs in various health conditions is tabulated in Table 1.
Disease category | PROMs Name | Focus of PROMs | Description and use case |
Mental health | Beck depression inventory | Symptoms | Used to measure the severity of depression. Commonly used in both clinical settings and research to monitor treatment effects |
Respiratory conditions | Asthma symptom utility index | Symptoms | Assesses the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms, guiding treatment adjustments |
Chronic conditions | Health assessment questionnaire | Functionality | Evaluates functional ability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, influencing therapy and patient management |
General well-being | The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey | Quality of life | Broad assessment of patient quality of life across physical and mental health domains, used widely in various chronic conditions |
Cardiovascular | Stroke impact scale | Functionality and symptoms | Measures the impact of stroke on physical and emotional aspects, aiding in recovery management |
Oncology | European organisation for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire-core 30 | Quality of life and symptoms | Commonly used in clinical trials for cancer to assess the quality of life and symptom burden during treatments |
The development of PROMs is a rigorous process that involves multiple phases to ensure that the measures are both reliable and valid[13,14] as shown in Figure 1. Initially, the conceptual framework of the measure is established, which involves defining what the PROMs aims to measure and why. This phase often includes extensive literature reviews, expert consultations, and patient interviews to identify relevant items that should be included in the measure. Following the conceptualization, item development begins. This stage involves creating the actual content of the questionnaire, including the questions and the response options. The items are then subjected to cognitive interviewing with patients to ensure that the language is clear and reflects the intended dimensions of health. Once a draft version of the PROMs is assembled, it undergoes psychometric testing to evaluate its reliability and validity.
Reliability refers to the consistency of the results produced by the PROMs when used in similar conditions over time. This includes testing for internal consistency and test-retest reliability to ensure stable performance.
Validity involves several assessments to confirm that the PROMs accurately measures the constructs it is intended to measure. This includes content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity, among others.
Validation may also involve exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to understand the underlying relationships between items and to refine the scale based on statistical data.
Clinical trials: In clinical trials, PROMs are increasingly used as primary or secondary endpoints to determine the effectiveness of interventions from the patient's perspective[15]. For example, in trials for new oncology drugs, PROMs can provide data on how treatment impacts patients' symptom severity and quality of life, which is vital for regulatory approval and clinical practice.
Routine care: In everyday healthcare settings, PROMs assist clinicians in monitoring disease progression and treatment response[16]. For instance, in the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, PROMs help track patients’ self-reported symptoms and functional status over time, guiding adjustments in treatment plans and enhancing patient engagement in their care.
Policy-making: At the policy level, PROMs inform health services research and quality improvement initiatives. They are used to evaluate the quality of care delivered across different healthcare systems and to benchmark outcomes for healthcare providers. PROMs data contribute to the development of performance indicators and standards that ultimately shape health policy and practice, ensuring that the systems are responsive to the needs of patients[17,18].
Patient-centered care is a critical component of modern healthcare, emphasizing the importance of incorporating the patient's perspective into the medical care process. PROMs are instrumental in this paradigm, as they provide a structured way to capture how patients perceive their health status and the impact of their treatments on their daily lives[19,20]. This inclusion of patient voices facilitates a more comprehensive approach to care assessment and planning, fostering a healthcare environment that respects and responds to individual patient preferences, needs, and values. PROMs empower patients by involving them directly in their care. By regularly gathering data on how patients feel and function, healthcare providers can gain a clearer understanding of the benefits and downsides of treatments as experienced by the patients themselves. For example, PROMs can reveal issues that are not typically covered during routine medical examinations, such as the impact of a chronic condition on a patient’s mental health or social life. This can lead to more meaningful conversations between patients and healthcare providers, where decisions about treatments can be jointly discussed and aligned with what is truly important to the patient. Moreover, PROMs enhance patient engagement and satisfaction by demonstrating that healthcare providers value the patient’s input in the care process. Engaged patients are more likely to adhere to treatment plans, attend follow-up appointments, and engage in proactive health management-all of which are crucial for effective disease management and prevention[21]. By systematically integrating patient feedback through PROMs, healthcare systems can create a more dynamic, responsive, and patient-focused service delivery model (Table 2).
Benefits | Description | Challenges | Description |
Enhanced patient-centered care | PROMs empower patients, leading to tailored treatments and higher engagement, which are critical for effective care | Data collection and management | Managing large volumes of patient data securely and efficiently poses significant logistical challenges |
Improved clinical outcomes | Real-time data from PROMs facilitate timely adjustments in treatment, improving health outcomes | Integration into clinical practice | Modifying existing systems and workflows to include PROMs can be costly and time-consuming |
Increased patient safety | Early detection of adverse effects or complications through PROMs enhances patient safety | Patient and provider acceptance | Skepticism about the accuracy and utility of PROMs may hinder their adoption by clinicians |
Supporting research and policy | PROMs data enrich health services research and inform policy-making, leading to improved care standards | Training needs | Adequate training is required for healthcare providers to effectively interpret and use PROMs data |
The utilization of PROMs in clinical settings has a profound impact on improving clinical outcomes. These tools provide real-time data that help clinicians monitor and adjust treatments in ways that are most beneficial to patients[22,23]. In the management of chronic diseases, for example, PROMs allow for the continuous monitoring of symptoms and functional statuses, helping clinicians tailor interventions more precisely and promptly. In conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, where patient conditions can fluctuate significantly, PROMs offer insights into the daily experiences of patients, enabling adjustments in medications or therapies before acute issues arise[24]. In the realm of mental health, PROMs facilitate the early detection of deteriorations in patient conditions, such as increases in depression or anxiety levels, that might not yet be clinically apparent. This early detection enables timely intervention, potentially averting more severe health crises. PROMs also allow for the tracking of patient responses to medications or other treatments over time, providing a basis for ongoing adjustments to therapeutic approaches[25,26].
Moreover, the use of PROMs in guiding treatment decisions has significant implications for improving patient safety[26]. By providing a direct feedback loop from the patient to the provider, PROMs help identify adverse effects or complications associated with treatments earlier than traditional clinical indicators might. For instance, in oncology, PROMs can track the side effects experienced by patients undergoing chemotherapy, allowing for faster interventions to mitigate these effects and thus improving the patient’s quality of life and potential treatment adherence[7]. PROMs also play a crucial role in surgical care, where postoperative recovery can vary widely among patients. By implementing PROMs, surgeons can follow up on patients' self-reported recovery trajectories, identify those who may be at risk of poor outcomes, and intervene accordingly. This approach not only improves individual patient outcomes but also contributes to broader efforts to standardize postoperative care and enhance recovery protocols based on patient-reported data (Table 2)[27].
The successful implementation of PROMs hinges significantly on the ability to efficiently collect, manage, and analyze large volumes of data. However, these processes come with several logistical challenges that can impede the effectiveness of PROMs. Firstly, the collection of PROMs data typically requires patients to complete questionnaires, which can be time-consuming and may lead to survey fatigue, particularly if surveys are lengthy or frequent. This fatigue can result in lower response rates or incomplete data, which diminish the reliability of the measures. Once collected, the management and analysis of PROMs data pose additional challenges. Healthcare organizations must ensure that data storage complies with privacy regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in the United States or the General Data Protection Regulation in Europe. Ensuring data security while maintaining easy access for authorized users requires sophisticated information technology systems, which can be costly and complex to implement[28]. Analyzing PROMs data also requires specialized statistical expertise. Health outcomes are often subjective and can vary significantly between patients, making it challenging to interpret results without advanced analytics techniques. Moreover, to be truly informative, PROMs data should be integrated with other clinical data, which involves additional layers of data management and analysis (Table 2)[27].
Integrating PROMs into routine clinical workflows presents its own set of barriers. One major challenge is the modification of existing electronic health records (EHR) systems to accommodate PROMs data. Many EHR systems are not initially designed to handle the free-text or varied format data provided by PROMs. Modifying these systems to integrate PROMs can be costly and time-intensive, and often requires ongoing maintenance and updates[16]. Furthermore, the integration of PROMs into clinical practice requires changes to the workflow of healthcare providers. Clinicians are often under significant time pressures, and adding the requirement to review PROMs data during patient visits can be seen as an additional burden. There is also the challenge of training staff to understand and effectively use PROMs data in their clinical decision-making processes. Without adequate training and perceived value in the PROMs, healthcare providers may be reluctant to adopt this practice fully (Table 2)[16].
The acceptance and engagement of both patients and providers play critical roles in the successful implementation of PROMs. From the patient's perspective, the willingness to regularly complete PROMs can vary widely depending on factors such as the perceived relevance of the questions, the ease of completing the questionnaires, and the patient’s overall engagement with their healthcare[29,30]. Some patients may also be concerned about privacy or skeptical about how their data will be used, which can further reduce their willingness to participate. Provider acceptance is equally crucial and similarly challenging. Some healthcare providers may doubt the reliability and validity of PROMs, particularly if the results contradict their clinical assessments or if they are unfamiliar with the use of PROMs in practice[31,32]. There can also be a cultural barrier in healthcare organizations accustomed to prioritizing clinical over patient-reported data. Overcoming these barriers often requires demonstrating the value of PROMs through education and by showing evidence of their impact on patient outcomes (Table 2)[16].
The rapid evolution of digital technology has opened up new avenues for enhancing the capture and utility of PROMs. Digital health platforms and mobile applications are at the forefront of this transformation, providing innovative ways to collect, manage, and utilize PROMs data more efficiently and effectively[33,34]. Mobile apps, for example, can facilitate the regular collection of PROMs data by allowing patients to easily record their symptoms and quality of life in real-time, using their smartphones or other mobile devices. This real-time data collection can provide clinicians with more dynamic and timely insights into patient conditions, potentially leading to quicker adjustments in treatment plans. Moreover, these apps can be integrated with reminders and educational materials to enhance patient engagement and adherence to treatment protocols.
Digital health platforms that integrate PROMs data with EHR are another key innovation. These platforms can automate the flow of PROMs data into a patient’s health record, making it immediately accessible to healthcare providers during clinical assessments[35,36]. Furthermore, advanced analytics can be applied to this integrated data to identify trends and patterns that might not be evident from manual analysis. For instance, machine learning algorithms can predict patient outcomes based on PROMs data, thereby informing more personalized and proactive care strategies[28].
As the use of PROMs expands across different health systems and disciplines, there is a growing need for comprehensive policy development and standardization. Standardization of PROMs is essential to ensure that data collected are comparable across different settings and populations, which is crucial for benchmarking and improving healthcare quality on a larger scale[30]. Policy development should focus on establishing clear guidelines for the selection, use, and interpretation of PROMs. These guidelines should address which PROMs are appropriate for different clinical conditions and care settings, how frequently they should be administered, and how the data should be interpreted and acted upon[37,38]. Furthermore, policies should ensure that PROMs are used ethically, protecting patient privacy and ensuring that data collection does not become burdensome or intrusive for patients[39,40]. Standardization efforts could also involve the development of universal PROMs that can be used globally across various health systems. This would facilitate international research and collaborations, enabling healthcare providers to learn from global best practices and innovations in patient-centered care[3].
There are numerous areas for further research to improve the design, implementation, and interpretation of PROMs. One primary area is the development of more sophisticated measures that are sensitive enough to detect subtle changes in patient conditions but robust enough not to be affected by irrelevant factors. Research into patient psychology and behavior could inform the design of PROMs that better capture the nuances of patient experiences and expectations[24]. Another research opportunity lies in the integration of PROMs with other types of health data, such as physiological measurements and genomic data. This integration could lead to a deeper understanding of how patient-reported outcomes relate to other indicators of health and disease, potentially uncovering new insights into disease mechanisms and treatment effects[27].
Further research is also needed to explore the effectiveness of PROMs in different demographic groups, including those with varying levels of health literacy, language barriers, or cultural backgrounds. Studies could investigate how different populations interact with PROMs and how these tools can be adapted to meet diverse needs. This research would ensure that PROMs are inclusive and effective across all segments of the population[21]. There is a need for ongoing research into the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to analyze PROMs data. These technologies have the potential to identify patterns and predict outcomes in ways that are not possible with traditional statistical methods, providing a more granular understanding of patient-reported outcomes and their implications for care[28].
PROMs are indispensable tools that enrich clinical decision-making and patient care by incorporating the patient's voice into health assessments. The integration of PROMs into clinical and research settings underlines a shift towards patient-centered healthcare, wherein the subjective experiences of patients are given weight comparable to traditional clinical indicators. While the implementation of PROMs presents challenges, including data management, integration into clinical practice, and acceptance by patients and providers, the benefits, notably in enhancing patient engagement and improving clinical outcomes, are profound. Recommendations for advancing the use of PROMs include investing in technological innovations to streamline data collection and analysis, developing comprehensive policies for the standardized use of PROMs, and continuous research to refine their validity and application. Further efforts should focus on training healthcare providers and educating patients to foster acceptance and maximize the utility of PROMs data in clinical and policy-making contexts.
1. | Kluzek S, Dean B, Wartolowska KA. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) as proof of treatment efficacy. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2022;27:153-155. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
2. | Nelson EC, Eftimovska E, Lind C, Hager A, Wasson JH, Lindblad S. Patient reported outcome measures in practice. BMJ. 2015;350:g7818. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
3. | Kingsley C, Patel S. Patient-reported outcome measures and patient-reported experience measures. BJA Education. 2017;17:137-144. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
4. | Weldring T, Smith SM. Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). Health Serv Insights. 2013;6:61-68. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
5. | Field J, Holmes MM, Newell D. PROMs data: can it be used to make decisions for individual patients? A narrative review. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2019;10:233-241. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
6. | Greenhalgh J, Gooding K, Gibbons E, Dalkin S, Wright J, Valderas J, Black N. How do patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) support clinician-patient communication and patient care? A realist synthesis. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2018;2:42. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
7. | Kyte DG, Calvert M, van der Wees PJ, ten Hove R, Tolan S, Hill JC. An introduction to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in physiotherapy. Physiotherapy. 2015;101:119-125. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
8. | Le Corroller AG, Bonastre J. Patient-reported measures: how useful in health economics? Eur J Health Econ. 2023;24:1-4. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
9. | van der Willik EM, Milders J, Bart JAJ, Bos WJW, van Ittersum FJ, Ten Dam MAGJ, Hemmelder MH, Dekker FW, Meuleman Y. Discussing results of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between patients and healthcare professionals in routine dialysis care: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e067044. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
10. | Al Sayah F, Jin X, Johnson JA. Selection of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for use in health systems. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2021;5:99. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
11. | Whittal A, Meregaglia M, Nicod E. The Use of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Rare Diseases and Implications for Health Technology Assessment. Patient. 2021;14:485-503. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
12. | Horn ME, Reinke EK, Mather RC, O'Donnell JD, George SZ. Electronic health record-integrated approach for collection of patient-reported outcome measures: a retrospective evaluation. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21:626. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
13. | Krogsgaard MR, Brodersen J, Christensen KB, Siersma V, Kreiner S, Jensen J, Hansen CF, Comins JD. What is a PROM and why do we need it? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;31:967-971. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
14. | Hawkins M, Elsworth GR, Osborne RH. Application of validity theory and methodology to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): building an argument for validity. Qual Life Res. 2018;27:1695-1710. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
15. | Mercieca-Bebber R, King MT, Calvert MJ, Stockler MR, Friedlander M. The importance of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials and strategies for future optimization. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2018;9:353-367. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
16. | Turner GM, Litchfield I, Finnikin S, Aiyegbusi OL, Calvert M. General practitioners' views on use of patient reported outcome measures in primary care: a cross-sectional survey and qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21:14. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
17. | Damman OC, Jani A, de Jong BA, Becker A, Metz MJ, de Bruijne MC, Timmermans DR, Cornel MC, Ubbink DT, van der Steen M, Gray M, van El C. The use of PROMs and shared decision-making in medical encounters with patients: An opportunity to deliver value-based health care to patients. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020;26:524-540. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
18. | Dang A, Mendon S. The Role of Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) in Healthcare Policy Making. SYSREVPHARM. 2016;6:1-4. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
19. | Miller D, Steele Gray C, Kuluski K, Cott C. Patient-Centered Care and Patient-Reported Measures: Let's Look Before We Leap. Patient. 2015;8:293-299. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
20. | Olde Rikkert MGM, van der Wees PJ, Schoon Y, Westert GP. Using Patient Reported Outcomes Measures to Promote Integrated Care. Int J Integr Care. 2018;18:8. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
21. | Dang A, Kanukula R, Shah C, Shetye V. The Emerging Role of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) in Clinical Trials: An Indian Perspective. Value Health Reg Issues. 2017;12:24-26. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
22. | Silveira Bianchim M, Crane E, Jones A, Neukirchinger B, Roberts G, Mclaughlin L, Noyes J. The implementation, use and impact of patient reported outcome measures in value-based healthcare programmes: A scoping review. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0290976. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
23. | Dorr MC, van Hof KS, Jelsma JGM, Dronkers EAC, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Offerman MPJ, de Bruijne MC. Quality improvements of healthcare trajectories by learning from aggregated patient-reported outcomes: a mixed-methods systematic literature review. Health Res Policy Syst. 2022;20:90. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
24. | Bull C, Teede H, Watson D, Callander EJ. Selecting and Implementing Patient-Reported Outcome and Experience Measures to Assess Health System Performance. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3:e220326. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
25. | Zaugg M, Baur H, Schmitt KU. Applying patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in physiotherapy: an evaluation based on the QUALITOUCH Activity Index. Arch Physiother. 2022;12:27. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
26. | Churruca K, Pomare C, Ellis LA, Long JC, Henderson SB, Murphy LED, Leahy CJ, Braithwaite J. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): A review of generic and condition-specific measures and a discussion of trends and issues. Health Expect. 2021;24:1015-1024. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
27. | Calvert MJ, Cruz Rivera S, Retzer A, Hughes SE, Campbell L, Molony-Oates B, Aiyegbusi OL, Stover AM, Wilson R, McMullan C, Anderson NE, Turner GM, Davies EH, Verdi R, Velikova G, Kamudoni P, Muslim S, Gheorghe A, O'Connor D, Liu X, Wu AW, Denniston AK. Patient reported outcome assessment must be inclusive and equitable. Nat Med. 2022;28:1120-1124. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
28. | Pearce FJ, Cruz Rivera S, Liu X, Manna E, Denniston AK, Calvert MJ. The role of patient-reported outcome measures in trials of artificial intelligence health technologies: a systematic evaluation of ClinicalTrials.gov records (1997-2022). Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5:e160-e167. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
29. | van der Willik EM, Terwee CB, Bos WJW, Hemmelder MH, Jager KJ, Zoccali C, Dekker FW, Meuleman Y. Patient-reported outcome measures ( PROMs): making sense of individual PROM scores and changes in PROM scores over time. Nephrology (Carlton). 2021;26:391-399. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
30. | Unni E, Coles T, Lavallee DC, Freel J, Roberts N, Absolom K. Patient adherence to patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) completion in clinical care: current understanding and future recommendations. Qual Life Res. 2024;33:281-290. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
31. | Gibbons C, Porter I, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Stoilov S, Ricci-Cabello I, Tsangaris E, Gangannagaripalli J, Davey A, Gibbons EJ, Kotzeva A, Evans J, van der Wees PJ, Kontopantelis E, Greenhalgh J, Bower P, Alonso J, Valderas JM. Routine provision of feedback from patient-reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and patients in clinical practice. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;10:CD011589. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
32. | Lombi L, Alfieri S, Brunelli C. 'Why should I fill out this questionnaire?' A qualitative study of cancer patients' perspectives on the integration of e-PROMs in routine clinical care. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2023;63:102283. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
33. | Kasoju N, Remya NS, Sasi R, Sujesh S, Soman B, Kesavadas C, Muraleedharan CV, Varma PRH, Behari S. Digital health: trends, opportunities and challenges in medical devices, pharma and bio-technology. CSIT. 2023;11:11-30. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
34. | Gilbert S, Pimenta A, Stratton-powell A, Welzel C, Melvin T. Continuous Improvement of Digital Health Applications Linked to Real-World Performance Monitoring: Safe Moving Targets? Mayo Clin Proc Digit Health. 2023;1:276-287. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
35. | Kawu AA, Hederman L, Doyle J, O'sullivan D. Patient generated health data and electronic health record integration, governance and socio-technical issues: A narrative review. Inform Med Unlocked. 2023;37:101153. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
36. | Zigler CK, Adeyemi O, Boyd AD, Braciszewski JM, Cheville A, Cuthel AM, Dailey DL, Del Fiol G, Ezenwa MO, Faurot KR, Justice M, Ho PM, Lawrence K, Marsolo K, Patil CL, Paek H, Richesson RL, Staman KL, Schlaeger JM, O'Brien EC. Collecting patient-reported outcome measures in the electronic health record: Lessons from the NIH pragmatic trials Collaboratory. Contemp Clin Trials. 2024;137:107426. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
37. | van der Wees PJ, Verkerk EW, Verbiest MEA, Zuidgeest M, Bakker C, Braspenning J, de Boer D, Terwee CB, Vajda I, Beurskens A, van Dulmen SA. Development of a framework with tools to support the selection and implementation of patient-reported outcome measures. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2019;3:75. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
38. | Ruseckaite R, Maharaj AD, Krysinska K, Dean J, Ahern S. Developing a Preliminary Conceptual Framework for Guidelines on Inclusion of Patient Reported-Outcome Measures (PROMs) in Clinical Quality Registries. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2019;10:355-372. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
39. | Khatiwada P, Yang B, Lin JC, Blobel B. Patient-Generated Health Data (PGHD): Understanding, Requirements, Challenges, and Existing Techniques for Data Security and Privacy. J Pers Med. 2024;14:282. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |