Successful hip revision surgery following refracture of a modern femoral stem using a cortical window osteotomy technique: A case report and review of literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The ExeterTM Universal cemented femoral component is widely used for total hip replacement surgery. Although there have been few reports of femoral component fracture, removal of a broken femoral stem can be a challenging procedure.

CASE SUMMARY

A 54-year-old man with a Dorr A femur sustained a refracture of a primary ExeterTM stem, two years after receiving a revision using a cement-within-cement technique (CWC) through an extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO). The technical problems related to the CWC technique and the ETO played a major role in the stem fatigue refracture. We performed revision surgery and removed the distal cement using a cortical femoral window technique, followed by re-implantation with an uncemented, modular, distally-fixed uncemented stem. The patient experienced an uneventful postoperative recovery.

CONCLUSION

Re-fracture of a modern femoral ExeterTM stem is a rare event, but technical complications related to revision surgery can lead to this outcome. The cortical window osteotomy technique can facilitate the removal of a broken stem and cement, allowing for prosthetic re-implantation under direct vision and avoiding ETO-related complications.

Key Words: Exeter stem, Femoral stem breakage, Femoral osteotomy, Total hip arthroplasty, Case seport

Core Tip: We analyzed the causes of failure in a patient with an Exeter stem refracture, and discussed how to resolve it using a known but little used technique. When removing a broken stem, a window osteotomy facilitates the extraction of the distal cement and allows for prosthetic reimplantation, thereby minimizing the complications of an extended osteotomy. Finally, this preoperative technique, if correctly planned, can be performed by using ordinary instruments and does not consume host bone. This technique should be an addition to the armamentarium of a revision hip surgeon when faced with the challenge of extracting a fracture cemented femoral stem.

INTRODUCTION

Femoral stem fracture is a rare complication in total hip replacement (THR). Over the years, the stems have been redesigned and failure has been greatly minimized because of improved designs, the use of modern materials, and better cementation techniques[1]. The ExeterTM stem (Stryker, Newbury, United Kingdom) has shown excellent long-term survival[2,3]. Fractures are an extremely rare complication with a rate of around 0.2%[4,5]. Fracture of this particular design has already been reported, and was mainly associated with the original stem in the 70s[6-9]. However, as far as we are concerned, presented here is the first case of a re-fracture of an ExeterTM stem in the same patient. Removal of a broken femoral component is a technically demanding procedure and several techniques have been described to treat this complication[10-14] and to preserve as much bone as possible. In this case report, we described a patient with an ExeterTM stem re-fracture, analyzed the possible causes of this complication and surgically managed the case by using a simple technique that aimed to preserve bone and the abductor mechanism.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

The patient's chief complaint involves post-operative hip pain, with an absence of concomitant traumatic antecedents.

History of present illness

A 54-year-old man [170 cm, 90 kg, body mass index (BMI) 31.1 kg/m²] was admitted to another center 7 years ago for a one-stage bilateral THR due to osteoarthritis.

Five years later, he started to develop pain in his right thigh without previous trauma and was diagnosed with a fracture in the mid-proximal third of the femoral stem (Figure 1A and B). On reviewing his postoperative note, an ExeterTM V40TM/TridentTM X3TM (Stryker, Newbury, United Kingdom) hybrid right THR was implanted through a postero-lateral approach, using a 44 mm stem and a 50 mm cup was placed with a 32 mm ceramic (alumina) BioloxTM Forte (CeramTec, Plochingen, Germany) femoral head and a 10 highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE). At revision surgery, the broken femoral stem was removed using an ETO, and a new ExeterTM V40TM stem was implanted by employing a CWC using the same stem size as the first intervention (Figure 1C). The patient evolved favorably without pain and returned to his functional status. Two years after revision the patient came to our institution, presenting pain in the operated limb, without reporting any associated trauma. Antero-posterior (AP) X-ray of both hips was taken, showing a new fracture of the right stem at the level of the mid-distal third, without apparent bone fracture and with the distal cement mantle undamaged (Figure 1D). The patient was scheduled for a femoral revision with a cement-less distal fixation stem. A minimally invasive window on the lateral cortex of the femur was made, to extract the cement mantle and the distal part of the fractured stem.

Figure 1 X-ray. A: Antero-posterior preoperative X-ray of both hips where severe bilateral osteoarthritis is observed. A marked narrow endomedular canal is observed; B: Anteroposterior X-ray of both hips 5 years after operation, showing rupture at the proximal middle third level of the femoral stem; C: Immediate postoperative X-ray, showing femoral revision surgery. Trochanteric osteotomy and a poor proximal cement mantle are shown; D: Anteroposterior X-ray of both hips, 2 years after revision surgery, showing a further rupture of the Exeter^® stem, at the level of prior femoral osteotomy.

History of past illness

The information in question was not required for the case report.

Personal and family history

The information in question was not required for the case report.

Physical examination

Two years after revision the patient came to our institution, presenting pain in the operated limb, without reporting any associated trauma.

Laboratory examinations

The information in question was not required for the case report.

Imaging examinations

AP X-ray of both hips was taken, showing a new fracture of the right stem at the level of the mid-distal third, without apparent bone fracture and with the distal cement mantle undamaged (Figure 1D).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

New fracture of the right stem at the level of the mid-distal third, without apparent bone fracture and with the distal cement mantle undamaged.

TREATMENT

Surgical technique

The following technique provides a method of “windowing” the femur, facilitating cement removal and firm fixation of the new prosthesis, in this case, an uncemented distally-fixed, RestorationTM Modular stem (Stryker, Newbury, United Kingdom). Preoperative radiographs must include an AP pelvic radiography covering both hips. Femoral radiographs should include the whole bone in AP as well as lateral (L) views. Calibration of the image is recommended in order to detect Dorr A narrow femoral canals like this one in which an uncemented, distally-fixed stem may not easily fit. In this case we used the known diameter of the failed femoral head, which was 32 mm, to calibrate the radiographs.

The patient was placed on the lateral decubitus position, with two anterior and one posterior supports in order to keep the pelvis stable and well-oriented during the whole surgery. A postero-lateral approach was used. The length was calculated with the previous preoperative planning on the radiography, measuring the distance from the tip of the greater trochanter to the end of the cement and the cement restrictor. The fascia lata and gluteal fascia were divided in line with skin incision. The fibers of the gluteus maximus were separated bluntly in line with skin incision. The sciatic nerve was then identified and protected.

When the patient reported a history of more than one revision, the fascia might have been scarred with the vastus externus, and dissection should be performed to separate these two different structures. Once the plane has been divided, a Charnley retractor was positioned, taking both sides of the fascia lata. The proximal cement and the proximal part of the fractured stem were removed with specially-designed chisels that had to be inserted between the cement and the bone, and then the cement was gently smashed with a light hammer (Figure 2A). All the proximal cement that was under direct vision was removed proximally, leaving the unseen polymethylmethacrylate and the cement restrictor to be resected through the cortical window. Direct vision of the removal prevented a cortical femoral perforation that could lead to an intraoperative femoral fracture. All necrotic tissues, pseudomembranes end cement were removed in order to maximize contact between the uncemented revision stem and the host bone. A cement chisel was introduced into the femoral canal, with the leg in the femoral position in order to measure the length of the cement where the tip of the stem was implanted. The vastus lateralis was detached and the cortical window was drawn with a surgical marker (Figure 2B). The cortical window could be made laterally or anterolaterally. The first option makes it easier for the surgeon to perform the windowing and to remove cement under direct vision. The second option has been advocated by some authors for its benefit of a lower incidence of postoperative femoral fracture[16]. But in all the cases this window is indicated, a longer stem bypassing at least 2 diaphyseal femoral diameters must be implanted.

Figure 2 Surgical operation. A: Intraoperative images of implant removal during re-revision surgery, showing the removal of the proximal part of the broken femoral stem; B: Planning and execution of lateral or window femoral osteotomy (black dotted line) with oscillating saw; C: Osteotomized segment of the window and exposure of the medullary canal; D: Removing the cement and distal segment of the stem (black arrow).

The cortical window was made with a narrow saw in order to achieve maximal control of the cut (Figure 2B) and then it was detached with gentle chiseling (Figure 2C). The window was kept in a soaked swab until the femoral reconstruction was complete. Once the cement mantle was partially removed with a cement chisel, the fractured distal part of the cemented stem could be observed under direct vision. The next step was to impact the fractured stem from its tip in order to remove it retrogradely (Figure 2D). The window also allows for direct vision of the cement mantle as well as the cement restrictor. The distal part of the Exeter stem was removed. It is important to notice that this Exeter stem has been deficiently cemented proximally, and well-cemented distally, but the surgeon forgot to use the centralizer, which is of utmost importance for the proper functioning of this implant.

Femoral broaching was performed in order to achieve good contact between the host bone and the distal fixation stem. After this, the definitive conical distal stem was impacted into the femoral canal as preoperatively planned, under direct vision through the window, to achieve rotational stability and prevent subsidence (Figure 3A and B). Proximal cone reaming was then performed to prepare for the cone body placement. A BioloxTM Delta (CeramTec, Plochingen, Germany) 32 mm ceramic femoral head was implanted, retaining the highly cross-linked polyethylene, which was in good condition. Finally, reduction, stability test and limb length measurement were performed. Once procedure was finished, the cortical window was covered and fixed with wire cerclages (Figure 3C). Final postoperative AP X-rays exhibited excellent implant alignment, and the femoral windows was correctly bypassed with the new implant (Figure 3D).

Figure 3 Femoral broaching was performed in order to achieve good contact between the host bone and the distal fixation stem. A: Intraoperative images during re-revision surgery. Definitive cementless distal fixation modular stem; B: Direct view of the insertion of the new stem, through the femoral window; C: Osteosynthesis of the osteotomized segment with wires; D: A femur Anteroposterior X-ray, where the final immediate postoperative result is shown with an uncemented distal fixation femoral stem and osteosynthesis of the cortical window.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Postoperative, routine exercises included isometric exercises of the lower limbs and ambulation with a walker was allowed as tolerated from the first postoperative day. 48 h later, the patient was discharged home, with good pain tolerance and without clinical complications. Six months after operation, the patient had no limitations in activities of daily living. The most recent radiographic control showed stable prosthetic implants in correct position, and complete healing of the window osteotomy (Figure 4A and B).

Figure 4 Antero-posterior and lateral X-ray. A: Lateral X-ray; B: Antero-posterior X-ray. Antero-posterior and lateral X-ray 3 mo after re-revision surgery, in which the correct position of the femoral implant and consolidation of osteotomy are shown.

DISCUSSION

This case report describes two consecutive mechanical complications of a polished tapered high offset stem in a 54-year-old man having receiving operation in another center. The patient had a BMI > 30 and a femur with a Dorr A narrow medullary canal. Of note, a revision surgery was performed by employing a similar surgical technique, adding an ETO and using the CWC technique, and inserting an implant with the identical characteristics, that led to a refracture of the femoral stem. In our institution, the patient was revised to an uncemented distal fixation modular prosthesis, by removing the fractured stem through a femoral cortical window, allowing immediate full load as tolerated. The benefits of cortical windows are that this technique allows for easy removal of distal cement mantle or, as in this case, also the distal part of a broken cemented stem. Moreover, the osteotomized part can be easily fixed with some cerclage wires, it does not compromise the abductor mechanism, the patient has no restrictions to prevent a damage of this mechanism, and the stem can be fixed to an intact major trochanter, which is not possible when an ETO is performed. Furthermore, an ETO could have led to pseudoarthrosis, lack of proximal support and a new stem fracture.

In certain cases, as in Dorr A femurs, primary hip arthroplasty can be challenging. These femurs have strong thick cortices where uncemented fixation could be related to incomplete fitting of the stem because this one gets stuck in the proximal diaphysis before metaphyseal fixation occurs. Short partial neck preserving stems corresponding to the type 2B of the Khanuja et al[17] classification, could be an alternative in young patients with Dorr A femurs, since the fixation is more proximal and the femoral canal could be less invaded[18].

Since the introduction of the ExeterTM Universal Stem in 1988, there have been many reports on stem fracture, with the cause being multifactorial[19-25]. Factors such as poor medial support, insufficient proximal cement mantle, varus orientation of the stem, and increased patient weight (or a combination of these factors) have been considered. Fracture of the femoral component of the cemented total hip prosthesis is a rare but documented complication[26], with incidence ranging from 0.23% to 10.7%. In the current case, implantation of an under-sized stem, usually in a "champagne glass" femur, contributed to fracture in the body of the prosthesis. Although the fracture of a polished conical femoral stem is a rare event, a defect in the cementation technique can lead to a higher stress and suffices to increase the risk of fatigue rupture even in non-obese patients. Moreover, as reported by O'Neill et al[27], the cement-in-cement revision could also predispose stems to the breakage of a polished stem, probably because the the new stem must be proximally implanted, with less cement mantle, which would lead to poor metaphyseal fixation, thus generating a probable cantilever effect. For this reason, the 125 mm Exeter 44 mm offset stem was developed specifically for cement-in-cement revision, being 25 mm shorter than the standard stem and narrower in the distal and antero-posterior directions.

One of the main technical problems with a broken femoral stem is the removal of the distal part and its cement mantle. ETO is a popular and reproducible technique that can resolve most complications in a complicated THR, such as infection, aseptic loosening or a periprosthetic fracture. However, it is not without complications, and nonunion, subsidence, and trochanteric migration with subsequent Trendelenburg, at considerable rates, have been described[28-31]. The time to healing of the osteotomy and the restriction on immediate postoperative weight-bearing are considerable aspects when executing it. Several reports have described multiple methods to facilitate cement extraction and minimize complications during the procedure[32,33]. However, most of them require a protracted surgical time and may be associated with perforations of the femoral cortices or inadvertent intraoperative fractures[34].

Nelson et al[35] developed the original cortical window technique in 1980, creating a window on the lateral aspect of the femur. Klein et al[36], in a series of 21 THR revisions using a window made in the antero-lateral aspect of the femur to extract the distal cement, attained good results with an osteotomy consolidation rate of 17 wk, without thigh pain or loosening. The benefits of cortical windows are that this technique allows for easy removal of distal cement or, as in this case, also the distal part of a broken cemented stem. Moreover, the osteotomy can be easily fixed with two or three cerclage wires, it does not compromise the abductor mechanism, the patient has no restrictions to prevent the damage of this mechanism, and the stem can be fixed to an intact major trochanter, which is not possible when ETO is performed. Although preoperative planning of the window length is mandatory, it is possible to extend it if the surgeon needs to.

CONCLUSION

We analyzed the causes of failure in a patient with an Exeter stem refracture, and discussed how to resolve it using a known but little used technique. When removing a broken stem, a window osteotomy facilitates the extraction of the distal cement and allows for prosthetic reimplantation, thereby minimizing the complications of an extended osteotomy. Finally, this preoperative technique, if correctly planned, can be performed by using ordinary instruments and does not consume host bone. This technique should be an addition to the armamentarium of a revision hip surgeon when faced with the challenge of extracting a fracture cemented femoral stem.