Challenges and limitations of synthetic minority oversampling techniques in machine learning

Figure 1 The number of papers that discussed, utilized, or addressed oversampling or synthetic minority oversampling technique between 2000 and 2022.

Figure 2 Trend of PubMed publications on oversampling and undersampling techniques in machine learning over the years.

Figure 3 Errors in the synthetic minority sample after synthetic minority oversampling technique application. SMOTE: Synthetic minority oversampling technique.

Figure 4 Overview of the existing methods for the class imbalance problem.