Diabetic muscle infarction in end-stage renal disease: A scoping review on epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Table 1 Characteristics of patients with diabetic muscle infarction in the setting of end-stage kidney disease and a cohort from Horton et al’s systematic review

	Current review (n = 41)	Findings from Horton et al[2] (n = 126)
Mean age (range), yr	44.2 (19.0-67.0)	44.6 (20.0-67.0)
Female/male, n (%)	22 (53.7)/19 (46.3)	68 (54.0)/58 (46.0)
Type of diabetes
Type 1, n (%)	17 (41.5)	54/108 (50.0)
Type 2, n (%)	22 (53.7)	45/108 (41.7)
Cystic-fibrosis-related, n (%)	2 (4.9)	2/108 (1.9)
Concurrent diabetes-related complications
Retinopathy, n (%)	24 (58.5)	83 (65.8)
Neuropathy, n (%)	22 (56.1)	-
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	6 (14.6)	-
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%)	3 (7.3)	-
Type of renal replacement therapy
Hemodialysis, n (%)	25 (60.1)	-
Peritoneal dialysis, n (%)	9 (21.9)	-
Pancreas-kidney transplantation, n (%)	4 (9.8)	-
Kidney transplantation only, n (%)	1 (2.4)	-
Pattern of muscle involvement
Lower limbs	36 (66.7)	-
Proximal lower limbs (above knee)	24 (58.5)	90 (71.2)
Distal lower limbs (below knee)	6 (14.6)	19 (15.3)
Both proximal and distal lower limbs	6 (14.6)	-
Upper limbs	5 (12.2)	7 (5.4)
Unilateral limb	33 (80.5)	-

Table 2 Investigation results in patients with diabetic muscle infarction in the setting of end-stage renal disease and a cohort from Horton et al’s systematic review

	Present review		Findings from Horton et al[2]
	Number of patients who had the investigation	n (%)	n/n (%)
Leucocytosis (WCC > 11.0 × 109 cells/L)	35	11 (31.4)	48/112 (42.5)
Leucopenia (WCC < 4.0 × 109 cells/L)	35	1 (2.9)	-
Elevated CRP (> 10 mg/L)	11	9 (81.8)	27/30 (90.0)
Elevated ESR (> 20 mm/h)	8	9 (88.9)	50/60 (83.3)
Elevated creatine kinase (> 150 IU/L for females; > 250 IU/L for males)	34	17 (50.0)	31/98 (31.6)
HbA1c > 7.0%, n (%)	18	11 (61.1)	-
MRI findings		35 (85.4)
Muscle enlargement	35	33 (94.2)	-
Muscle edema	35	30 (85.7)	76.8
Subcutaneous edema	35	17 (43.6)	-
Muscle biopsy findings		16 (39.0)
Muscle necrosis	16	16 (100)	-
Inflammatory cell infiltration	16	14 (87.5)	-
Muscle fibre regeneration	16	7 (43.8)	-

CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; WCC: White cell count.