Copyright
©The Author(s) 2018.
World J Nephrol. Jan 6, 2018; 7(1): 1-28
Published online Jan 6, 2018. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v7.i1.1
Published online Jan 6, 2018. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v7.i1.1
Table 1 Anthropometric formulas estimating body water
Adults, normal body water values |
Hume and Weyers formulae[63] |
Women: TBW = -35.270121 + 0.344547H + 0.183809W |
Men: TBW = -14.012934 + 0.194786H + 0.296785W |
Watson et al[64] formulae |
….Women: TBW = -2.097 +0.1069H + 0.2466W |
Men: TBW = 2.447 - 0.09516A + 0.1074H + 0.3362W |
Chumlea et al[65] formulae |
Women, African American: TBW = -16.71 - 0.05A + 0.24H + 0.22W |
Women, Caucasian: TBW = -10.50 - 0.01A + 0.18H + 0.20W |
Men, African American: TBW = -18.37 - 0.09A + 0.25H + 0.34W |
Men, Caucasian: TBW = 23.04 - 0.03A + 0.50W - 0.62BMI |
Children, normal body water values |
Mellits, Cheek formulae[66] |
Girls, H ≤ 110.8 cm: TBW = 0.076 + 0.013H + 0.507W |
Girls, H > 110.8 cm: TBW = -10.313 + 0.154H + 0.252W |
Boys, H ≤ 132.7 cm: TBW = -1.927 + 0.045H + 0.465W |
Boys, H > 132.7 cm: TBW = -21.993 + 0.209H + 0.465W |
Adults, pre-hemodialysis |
Chertow et al[71] formula |
TBW = 0.07493713A - 1.01767992G + 0.57894981D + 0.12703384H - 0.04012056W - 0.00067247W2 - 0.03486146 (A × G) + 0.11262857 (G × W) + 0.00104135 (A × W) + 0.00186104 (H × W) |
Adults, peritoneal dialysis |
Johansson et al[72] formulae |
Women: TBW = -29.994 - 0.004A + 0.294H + 0.214W |
Men: TBW = -10.759 - 0.078A + 0.192H + 0.312W |
…. All patients: TBW = -42.879 - 0.033A + 0.372H + 0.274W |
Table 2 Formulas for treatment of dysnatremias with saline or water infusions
Hypotonic hyponatremia |
Change in sodium concentration after infusion of 1 L of saline. Adrogué-Madias formula[41]: |
[Na]Final - [Na]Initial = ([Na]Infusate - [Na]Initial)/(TBWInitial + 1) |
Volume of saline required for a targeted serum sodium concentration[84]: |
VInfusate = TBWInitial × ([Na]Targeted - [Na]Initial)/[Na](Infusate - [Na]Targeted) |
Hypernatremia |
Volume of D5/W required for a targeted serum sodium concentration[37]: |
VInfusate = TBWInitial × ([Na]Initial - [Na]Targeted)/[Na]Targeted |
Volume of hypotonic saline required for a targeted serum sodium concentration[37]: |
VInfusate = TBWInitial × ([Na]Initial - [Na]Targeted)/([Na]Targeted - [Na]Infusate) |
Table 3 Measurement of extracellular volume by tracer dilution
Extracellular marker | Ref. |
Inulin | [101] |
Sucrose | [102] |
Thiosulfate | [103,104] |
Mannitol | [105] |
Radiosulfate (S35) | [106,107] |
Bromide | [108,109] |
Radiochloride (Cl38, Cl36) | [109,110] |
Stable chloride (Cl35) | [111] |
Radiosodium (Na24) | [112] |
Thiocyanate | [113] |
Table 4 Measurement of extracellular volume by newer methods
Methodology | Ref. |
Methods evaluating body composition | |
Bioelectrical impedance, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis | [115-123] |
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry | [124-132] |
Magnetic resonance imaging | [133] |
Methods measuring total body water and intracellular volume | |
Simultaneous measurement of total body water and potassium | [134-136] |
Methods using GFR markers | |
Inulin | [138,139] |
Polyfructosan | [140] |
51cromium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (51Cr- EDTA) | [141-143] |
Iohexol | [144] |
Technetium diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99mTC-DTPA) | [145,146] |
Iothalamate | [147] |
Table 5 Factors affecting cell- and organ-perfusion (effective arterial blood volume)
Blood volume |
Red blood cell mass |
Plasma volume |
Cardiac output |
Vascular capacity |
Arterial resistance, total |
Arterial resistance, regional |
Venous capacity |
Starling forces in blood capillaries |
Endothelial barrier integrity |
Gravity |
- Citation: Roumelioti ME, Glew RH, Khitan ZJ, Rondon-Berrios H, Argyropoulos CP, Malhotra D, Raj DS, Agaba EI, Rohrscheib M, Murata GH, Shapiro JI, Tzamaloukas AH. Fluid balance concepts in medicine: Principles and practice. World J Nephrol 2018; 7(1): 1-28
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v7/i1/1.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v7.i1.1