Acute kidney injury from different poisonous substances

Table 1 Contribution from different substances (n = 184)

Poisonous substance	No. of patients	%
PPD	135	73.36
Methanol	8	4.34
CuSO4	5	2.71
OP	5	2.71
Paraquat	5	2.71
Tartric acid	4	2.17
Phenobarbitone	3	1.63
Benzodiazipines	2	1.08
Datura	2	1.08
Ammonium dichromate	1	0.54
Rat killer	1	0.54
Fish gallbladder	1	0.54
Acetic acid	1	0.54
Arsenic	1	0.54
Boiler water	1	0.54
Multiple substances taken in combination	9	4.89

PPD: Paraphenylene diamine; OP: Organo phosphorus.

Table 2 Presenting symptoms (n = 184)

Symptom	Frequency (%)	Mostly with substance
Oligoanuria	93	All groups except phenobarbitone
Vomiting	90	All groups
Hematuria/cola color urine	86	PPD, CuSO4, Paraquat
Massive facial/neck swelling ± difficulty in swallowing	74	PPD
Hemetamesis	16	CuSO4, OP, Paraquat, boiler water
Altered level of consciousness	16	Methanol, pnenobarbirones, benzodiazepines, OP
Temporary loss of vision	2.17	Methanol

PPD: Paraphenylene diamine; OP: Organo phosphorus.

Table 3 Laboratory and other parameters on presentation in different groups (median values and ranges given)

Paramet	PPD (n = 135)	Methanol (n = 8)	CuSO4 (n = 5)	OP (n = 5)	Paraquat (n = 5)	Others (n = 26)
DOI	4 (1-28)	5 (1-15)	4 (2-5)	5 (2-6)	3 (1-5)	5 (1-25)
Hb, g/dL	11.95 (2.5-21.5)	13.7 (9-19.5)	5.5 (2-9.9)	10.3 (6.7-13.4)	8 (6.3-11)	11.5 (7.6-15.6)
Plt, × 109/L	234 (59-603)	285.5 (58-610)	303 (101-687)	114 (98-121)	90 (47-213)	211.5 (10-910)
Urea, mg/dL	183 (69-496)	123.5 (47-329)	282 (108-384)	234 (114-367)	224 (197-338)	213.5 (65-483)
Creat, mg/dL	7.81 (3-25.15)	5.25 (2-13.79)	10.3 (7.1-10.8)	9 (3.9-14.71)	9.9 (4.7-13.4)	10.25 (2.9-24.49)
K, meq/L	5.8 (2-9.3)	5.85 (2.7-7.9)	5.4 (3.4-6.8)	5.9 (3.7-6.9)	6 (5.5-6.8)	4.4 (1.9-6.9)
LDH, U/L	4785 (236-29130)	486 (95-4000)	11223 (974-13245)	2349 (891-3448)	1429 (756-6432)	1169 (179-4635)
CK, U/L	115989 (54-1998000)	115220 (387-228300)	Available for one patient only	699 (126-1012)	NA	806 (32-98720)
AST, U/L	2024 (15-17380)	136 (46-1748)	48 (34-425)	167 (78-557)	209 (88-456)	70.5 (3-771)
ALT, U/L	975 (13-6310)	104 (59-766)	34 (23-150)	112 (34-316)	101 (72-338)	36 (10-1036)
HD (ses rq)	4 (1-13)	1.5 (1-6)	3 (1-12)	2 (1-3)	2 (1-5)	2 (1-10)
HD done in	131/135	8/8	5/5	4/5 (one died before starting HD)	5/5	23/26

DOI: Days of insult; Hb: Hemoglobin; plt: Platelet; K: Potassium; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CK: Creatinine phosphokinase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; HD: Hemodialysis; ses rq: Sessions required; PPD: Paraphenylene diamine; OP: Organo phosphorus.

Table 4 Outcome in different groups (n = 184)

Outcome	PPD (n = 135)	Methanol (n = 8)	CuSO4 (n = 5)	OP (n = 5)	Paraquat (n = 5)	Others (n = 26)
Complete recovery	108	5	3	2	1	14
Partial recovery and lost follow-up	6	1	0	0	0	4
Left against advice during acute phase	2	0	0	0	0	1
Died	19	2	2	3	4	7

PPD: Paraphenylene diamine; OP: Organo phosphorus.