Adult stem cells as a tool for kidney regeneration

Table 1 A summary of the results of isolating stem cells from the adult kidney

Species	Isolation method	Stem cell markers	Location	Incorporation into kidney tubules	Ref.
Rat	Label retaining		Proximal tubule	Yes	Maeshima et al[6]
Rat	Label retaining		Papilla	Yes	Oliver et al[8]
Rat	Side population	Sca-1, CD45	Some were derived from bone marrow	No	Iwatani et al[10]
Mouse	Side population	Sca-1	Interstitium	NE	Hishikawa et al[11]
Mouse	Side population	Sca-1	Proximal tubule	Yes (rare)	Challen et al[12]
Human	Marker	CD133	Tubules	Yes	Bussolati et al[15]
Human	Marker	CD133, CD24	Parietal epithelium in the Bowman's capsule	Yes	Sagrinati et al[16]
Mouse	Marker	Sca-1	Papilla	Yes	Dekel et al[17]
Rat	Culture	Pax2, Oct4	Proximal tubule	Yes	Gupta et al[18]

NE: Not examined.

Table 2 Effects of Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on renal tissue repair

Origin of stem cells	Experimental model	Effects	Ref.
Mouse	Glycerol-induced AKI	Differentiation into tubular epithelial cells	Herrera et al[22]
Mouse	Cisplatin-induced AKI	Differentiation into tubular epithelial cells	Morigi et al[23]
Human	Glomerulonephropathy induced by anti-mesangial cell serum	Differentiation into mesangial cells	Wong et al[30]
Rat	I/R injury	Recovery of renal function	Lange et al[24]
		No transdifferentiation into tubules
Human	Cisplatin-induced AKI	Recovery of renal function	Morigi et al[25]
		Improved survival
		No transdifferentiation into tubules
Rat	Gentamicin-induced AKI	Recovery of renal function	Reis et al[26]
		Conditioned medium and exosomes were effective
Rat	Adriamycin-induced nephropathy	Reduced podocyte injury	Zoja et al[27]
		Increased VEGF production
Rat	Thy1.1 GN	Reduced mesangiolysis	Kunter et al[28]
		Increased glomerular cell proliferation
		Reduced proteinuria
		Production of VEGF and TGF-β
Mouse	CKD (Deficiency in collagen type IV, α-3 chain)	Reduced fibrosis	Ninichuk et al[29]
		Production of VEGF and BMP-7
Rat	5/6 nephrectomy	Improved renal function	Semedo et al[31]
		Reduced fibrosis
		Reduced expression of IL-6 and TNF-α
Rat	Kidney allograft	Improved renal function	Franquesa et al[32]
		Reduced fibrosis
		Reduced expression of IL-6

AKI: Acute kidney injury; I/R: Ischemia reperfusion; GN: Glomerulonephritis; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; BMP-7: Bone morphogenetic protein-7; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.

Table 3 Effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on renal tissue repair

Origin of stem cells	Experimental model	Effects	References
Rat	I/R injury	Recovery of renal function	Chen et al[40]
		Reduction in oxidative stress
Human	Cisplatin-induced AKI	Recovery of renal function	Kim et al[41]
		Conditioned medium was effective
Human	Folic acid-induced AKI	Recovery of renal function	Katsuno et al[42]
		HGF and VEGF production
Rat	Anti-GBM disease	Reduced renal injury and proteinuria	Furuhashi et al[43]
		Conversion of macrophages to immunoregulatory cells
Swine	Renal artery stenosis	Recovery of renal function	Eirin et al[44]
		Improved angiogenesis
		Increased production of VEGF and bFGF
Swine	Renal artery stenosis	Recovery of renal function	Zhu et al[45]
		Improved angiogenesis
		Decreased oxidative stress
Swine	Renal artery stenosis	Recovery of renal function	Ebrahimi et al[46]
		Improved angiogenesis
		Increased production of VEGF
Mouse	Renal fibrosis (unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle)	Recovery of renal function	Donizetti-Oliveira et al[47]
		Reduced fibrosis
		Decreased expression of IL6 and TNF-α

I/R: Ischemia reperfusion; AKI: Acute kidney injury; GBM: Glomerular basement membrane; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.