African origins and chronic kidney disease susceptibility in the human immunodeficiency virus era

Table 1 Spectrum of renal histology in human immunodeficiency virus in South Africa

Histology	Durban[21]	JHB[20]	Cape Town[22]	JHB1
Biopsy numbers	30	99	192	364
Classic HIVAN (%)	83	27	24.4	32.7
FSGS		3	32.8	11.3
HIV Immune Complex Disease (%) (mostly with hepatitis B or C co-infection)		21	30.2	11.8
Mesangial proliferative		6
Membranoproliferative (type I and III) (%)	7			2.7
Lupus-like (%)				4.4
IgA
Membranous (%)	13.3	13	5.2	7.7
Exudative-proliferative
HIV TTP/HUS (thrombotic microangiopathy)
Various glomerulonephropathies (%) (heterogenous group with different aetiologies)	7	41	24	29.4
Minimal change (%)		2		3.3
Immunotactoid
Amyloidosis

¹Adapted from Vermeulen Alda, MMed Research report, University of the Witwatersrand, 2014[83]. JHB: Johannesburg; HIVAN: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy; TTP: Thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura; HUS: Haemolytic syndrome.

Table 2 Summary of the studies of MYH9 and APOL1 variants

Year	Population (ancestry)	Disease	Variant	Freq.	OR (95%CI)	Ref.
2008	African Americans	Hypertensive ESRD	MYH9 E1	0.67	1.9 (1.25-2.87)	Kopp et al[31]
		HIVAN	MYH9 E1	0.67	5.3 (2.40-12.90)
		FSGS	MYH9 E1	0.67	4.5 (2.92, 7.19)
	European Americans	T2DM ESRD	MYH9 E1	0.04	NS
		FSGS	MYH9 E1	0.04	9.7 (1.07, 463)
2008	African Americans	Hypertensive ESRD	MYH9 E1	0.3	2.1 (1.56, 2.74)	Kao et al[30]
		Non-diabetic ESRD	MYH9 E1	0.3	2.2 (1.73, 2.73)
		FSGS	MYH9 E1	0.3	3.7 (2.11, 6.34)
2009	African Americans	Hypertensive ESRD	MYH9 E1	0.75	2.4 (NS)	Freedman et al[47]
		Non-diabetic ESRD	MYH9 E1	0.76	2.5 (NS)
2009	African Americans	T2DM ESRD	MYH9 E1	0.67	1.4 (NS)	Freedman et al[44]
2010	African Americans	Non-diabetic ESRD	MYH9 E1	NS	2.0 (1.37, 2.92)	Behar et al[46]
	Hispanic Americans	Non-diabetic ESRD	MYH9 E1	NS	3.7 (1.67, 8.20)
2010	American Indians	Kidney dysfunction	MYH9 SNPs	0.43	1.04 (0.79, 1.36)	Franceschini et al[43] Strong Heart Family Study
2010	African Americans	Non-diabetic ESRD	APOL1 G1	0.46	4.86 (2.35, 10.06)	Tzur et al[29]
	Hispanic Americans	Non-diabetic ESRD	APOL1 G1	0	15.48 (4.00, 60.00)
2010	African Americans	Hypertensive ESRD	APOL1 G1/G2	0.41/0.21	7.3 (5.60, 9.50)	Genovese et al[13]
		FSGS	APOL1 G1/G2	0.47/0.25	10.5 (6.0, 18.4)
2011	African Americans	HIVAN	APOL1 G1/G2	0.54/0.28	29.2 (13.10, 68.50)	Kopp et al[12]
		FSGS	APOL1 G1/G2	0.55/0.25	16.9 (11.00, 26.50)
2014	South African blacks	HIVAN	MYH9 E1	0.83	2.10 (0.07-60.99)	Kasembeli et al (Unpublished observations)
			APOL1 G1/G2	0.56/0.34	89.10 (17.68, 911.72)

NS: Not stated; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: Odds ratio; Freq: Frequencies; HIVAN: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy; FSGS: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; ESRD: End stage renal disease; APOL1: Apolipoprotein L1; MYH9: Non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9.