Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Nephrol. Dec 25, 2023; 12(5): 132-146
Published online Dec 25, 2023. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v12.i5.132
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of cohorts of new oral anticoagulation therapy users with stage III chronic kidney disease after inverse probability of treatment weighting from 2013 to 2017 (mean ± SD, %)

IPTW warfarin and rivaroxaban 15 mg
IPTW warfarin and rivaroxaban 20 mg
IPTW warfarin and apixaban 2.5 mg
IPTW warfarin and apixaban 5.0 mg
Warfarin (n = 3335)Rivaroxaban 15 mg (n = 744)Warfarin (n = 3335)Rivaroxaban 20 mg (n = 1064)Warfarin (n = 3335)Apixaban 2.5 mg (n = 1674)Warfarin (n = 3335)Apixaban 5.0 mg (n = 2082)
Age (yr)82.9 ± 8.682.8 ± 7.780.1 ± 10.879.1 ± 8.284.3 ± 8.384.5 ± 7.280.4 ± 10.280.2 ± 7.8
Female sex56.556.554.852.358.259.054.353.9
CHA2DS2-VASc4.1 ± 1.44.1 ± 1.33.9 ± 1.53.9 ± 1.54.2 ± 1.44.2 ± 1.33.9 ± 1.53.8 ± 1.3
CHADS2 score3.0 ± 1.23.0 ± 1.22.8 ± 1.32.9 ± 1.23.0 ± 1.23.0 ± 1.12.9 ± 1.32.8 ± 1.1
HAS-BLED score3.5 ± 1.33.5 ± 1.33.3 ± 1.53.4 ± 1.43.5 ± 1.33.5 ± 1.23.3 ± 1.43.3 ± 1.2
Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index5.9 ± 3.46.0 ± 3.65.7 ± 3.55.9 ± 3.65.9 ± 3.45.8 ± 3.25.7 ± 3.55.7 ± 3.4
Frailty score18.6 ± 6.218.6 ± 5.917.7 ± 6.717.6 ± 6.318.8 ± 6.218.8 ± 5.817.7 ± 6.617.5 ± 6.1
Comorbidities (including the index hospitalization and the three years prior to cohort entry)
Hypertension86.286.583.985.286.986.984.584.0
Coronary artery disease64.765.162.062.764.162.561.258.4
Acute myocardial infarction21.120.318.917.520.920.918.815.8
Chronic heart failure56.256.753.454.256.156.653.353.6
Cardiomyopathy7.98.37.78.77.47.18.27.8
Other cardiac dysrhythmias18.819.017.816.419.219.418.218.0
Valvular heart disease26.127.124.924.625.725.623.522.3
Stroke/TIA16.917.216.017.316.816.115.915.0
Peripheral vascular disease27.727.526.625.927.326.225.623.2
Dyslipidemia54.453.354.255.853.954.055.553.8
Diabetes45.146.146.449.943.142.747.346.9
Major bleeding38.538.337.039.338.337.036.234.8
Major intracranial bleeding3.73.73.55.73.93.54.23.8
Major gastrointestinal bleeding8.39.57.97.78.78.17.97.9
Other sites of major bleeding32.030.930.932.431.831.229.828.8
Liver disease2.62.82.92.92.52.42.72.5
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma44.044.246.049.742.242.144.545.3
Depression11.811.512.211.811.711.412.111.9
Medical procedures (three years prior to cohort entry)
Cardiac catheterization5.05.45.25.35.04.96.46.4
Percutaneous coronary intervention-stent4.13.93.84.13.84.04.14.0
Coronary artery bypass grafting0.60.50.80.70.50.51.21.2
Implantable cardiac device0.10.1< 0.1< 0.1< 0.10.0< 0.10.0
Medications (two weeks prior to cohort entry)
Statin51.051.251.152.950.047.950.650.4
Antiplatelet8.78.58.18.98.37.48.17.9
Low-dose ASA35.335.534.835.235.634.933.933.4
Proton pump inhibitors49.749.647.846.950.049.146.444.7
NSAIDs0.90.91.31.60.91.01.21.2
Digoxin9.310.69.110.19.29.08.98.7
Amiodarone9.69.38.66.19.39.88.88.0
Antidepressants10.510.110.410.510.610.310.210.4
Beta-blockers62.563.161.461.163.862.862.462.5
Calcium channel blockers42.942.641.939.842.743.241.441.0
Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system37.536.938.138.538.036.538.038.3
Diuretics60.560.361.461.061.060.860.360.4
Loop diuretics56.255.857.054.456.456.755.456.3
Antidiabetics27.428.028.730.326.525.829.229.3
Health medical services (one year prior to cohort entry)
Consultations with specialist physicians1.2 ± 2.41.2 ± 1.91.2 ± 2.51.2 ± 2.31.2 ± 2.41.2 ± 2.2 1.2 ± 2.61.2 ± 1.8
Consultations with family physicians1.3 ± 3.31.3 ± 2.81.2 ± 3.11.2 ± 2.51.3 ± 3.41.4 ± 3.01.2 ± 3.21.2 ± 2.6
Emergency visits3.4 ± 3.13.4 ± 2.93.4 ± 3.43.5 ± 3.03.4 ± 3.13.5 ± 2.93.4 ± 3.33.3 ± 2.8
Health hospital services (three years prior to cohort entry)
All-cause hospital admission2.5 ± 2.12.5 ± 2.02.5 ± 2.42.6 ± 2.22.4 ± 2.02.5 ± 1.92.5 ± 2.32.4 ± 2.0
Table 2 Sensitivity analysis of negative controls after inverse probability of treatment weighting in an on-treatment analysis

Incident rate of rivaroxaban 15 mg 100 PY (95%CI)
Incident rate of warfarin 100 PY (95%CI)
HR (95%CI)1
P value
Diabetes complications1.1 (0.2-2.0)1.1 (0.6-1.5)1.02 (0.40-2.60)0.96
Incident rate of rivaroxaban 20 mg 100 PY (95%CI)Incident rate of warfarin 100 PY (95%CI)HR (95%CI)1P value
Diabetes complications1.5 (0.6-2.4)1.0 (0.6-1.5)1.48 (0.72-3.06)0.29
Incident rate of apixaban 2.5 mg 100 PY (95%CI)Incident rate of warfarin 100 PY (95%CI)HR (95%CI)1P value
Diabetes complications0.8 (0.3-1.3)1.2 (0.8-1.7)0.66 (0.31-1.41)0.28
Incident rate of apixaban 5.0 mg 100 PY (95%CI)Incident rate of warfarin 100 PY (95%CI)HR (95%CI)P value
Diabetes complications0.7 (0.2-1.1)1.4 (0.9-1.9)0.49 (0.24-1.02)0.06
Table 3 E-values for significant comparisons in an on-treatment analysis after inverse probability of treatment weighting of new oral anticoagulant users with stage III chronic kidney disease

Hazard ratio (95%CI)
E value corresponding to the CI bound closest to 1
E value for hazard ratio point estimate1
Apixaban 2.5 mg vs warfarin
Safety composite0.65 (0.43-0.99)1.112.45
Apixaban 5.0 mg vs warfarin
Effectiveness composite0.76 (0.65-0.88)1.531.96
All-cause mortality0.61 (0.43-0.88)1.532.66