Multidisciplinary basic and clinical research of acute kidney injury with COVID-19: Pathophysiology, mechanisms, incidence, management and kidney transplantation

Table 1 Incidence of acute kidney injury linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

Ref.	Country	Type of study	Coronavirus disease patients , n	Patients admitted to intensive care unit, n (%)	Patients developed acute kidney injury, n (%)
Arentz et al[22], 2020	United States	Case series	21	4 (19.1)	4 (19.1)
Hirsch et al[23], 2020	United States	Retrospective observational cohort study	5449	1395 (25.6)	1993 (36.6)
Thakkar et al[24], 2020	United States	Retrospectiveobservational study	300	300	224 (75)
Yidirim et al[25], 2021	Turkey	Retrospective study	331	17	17 (5.1)
Yan et al[26], 2020	China	Retrospective, observational cohort study	882	105 (11.9)	115 (13)
Zhang et al[27], 2020	China	Case series	221	55 (24.8)	10 (4.5)
Chen et al[28], 2020	China	Case series	274	50 (18.5)	29 (11)
Cheng et al[29], 2021	China	Prospective cohort study	701	73 (10.4)	36 (5.1)
Neves et al[30], 2021	Brazil	Retrospective study	102	95	54

Table 2 Demographic data of kidney transplant recipients who had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and developed acute kidney injury and the incidence of survival vs mortality

Study	n	Median age, yr	Median Transplant, yr	Acute kidney injury incidence, %	Renal replacement therapy, %	Mechanical ventilation, %	Mortality, %
Banerjee et al[40], 2020	7	54	2	57	43	14	14
Nair et al[42], 2020	10	57	7.7	50	10	40	30
Columbia et al[43], 2020	15	51	4	40	14	27	7
Alberici et al[35], 2020	20	59	13	30	5	0	25
Akalin et al [48], 2020	36	60	NR	NR	21	39	28
Lubetsky et al[44], 2020	54	57	4.7	51	10	28	13
Cravedi et al[41], 2020	144	62	5	52	NR	30	32
Caillard et al[45], 2020	279	62	5	44	11	30	23
Elias et al[46], 2020	6	54	NR	42	11	22	24

NR: Not reported.