Unilateral hypoplastic kidney in adults: An experience of a tertiary-level urology center

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Unilateral small-sized kidney is a radiological term referring to both the congenital and acquired causes of reduced kidney volume. However, the hypoplastic kidney may have peculiar clinical and radiological characterizations.

AIM

To evaluate the clinical presentations, complications, and management approaches of the radiologically diagnosed unilateral hypoplastic kidney.

METHODS

A retrospective review of the records of patients with a radiological diagnosis of unilateral hypoplastic kidney between July 2015 and June 2020 was done at Assiut Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Assiut University, Egypt.

RESULTS

A total of 33 cases were diagnosed to have unilateral hypoplastic kidney with a mean (range) age of 39.5 ± 11.2 (19-73) years. The main clinical presentation was loin pain (51.5%), stone passer (9.1%), anuria (12.1%), accidental discovery (15.2%), or manifestations of urinary tract infections (12.1%). Computed tomography was the most useful tool for radiological diagnosis. However, radioisotope scanning could be requested for verification of surgical interventions and nephrectomy decisions. Urolithiasis occurred in 23 (69.7%) cases and pyuria was detected in 22 (66.7%) cases where the infection was documented by culture and sensitivity test in 19 cases. While the non-complicated cases were managed by assurance only (12.1%), nephrectomy (15.2%) was performed for persistent complications. However, symptomatic (27.3%) and endoscopic (45.6%) approaches were used for the management of correctable complications.

CONCLUSION

Unilateral hypoplastic kidney in adults has various complications that range from urinary tract infections to death from septicemia. Diagnosis is mainly radiological and management is usually conservative or minimally invasive.

Key Words: Congenital anomalies; Hypoplastic kidney; Kidney size; Small sized kidney; Solitary kidney; Urolithiasis

Core Tip: The study reviewed the clinical characteristics, complications, and management of the unilateral hypoplastic kidney in adults. The various clinical presentations are due to the different complications including urolithiasis, obstruction, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and life-threatening morbidities such as anuria and septicemia. Renal radioisotope scanning is indicated for cases with sizable kidneys, verification of the decision of surgical intervention, and patient preference. Conservative and endoscopic approaches should be tried first for the management of complications. However, laparoscopic nephrectomy is recommended for the treatment of persistent complications such as hypertension and recurrent UTIs or urolithiasis.

INTRODUCTION

The term “small-sized kidney” is an imaging-based description that defines the reduction of the kidney mass or volume[1]. It could be unilateral or bilateral, where the latter form is associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease through its different stages[2,3]. However, the unilateral small-sized kidney usually presents clinically with normal total renal functions due to the normal and, in many instances, compensating contralateral kidney[4,5]. It results from many contributing pathological entities such as congenital hypoplasia, chronic pyelonephritis, renovascular ischemia, and urological interventions and surgeries[6]. The hypoplastic kidney is a main contributing factor for this entity and is predominantly unilateral with acquired contralateral compensatory hypertrophy. Although the secreted urine in these kidneys may have normal constituents, its amount is low with subsequent urinary stasis. So, the hypoplastic kidney predisposes to urinary tract infections (UTIs) and urolithiasis. Its share in the total renal function is, definitely, lower than the other kidney down to warrant surgical removal, when indicated, without significant effect on the patient’s total renal function. Hypoplastic dysplastic kidney could be confused with the chronic pyelonephritic kidney which results from repeated attacks of ascending infections. However, the etiology of the hypoplastic kidney is mostly attributed to developmental arrest due to ischemia during embryogenesis[7,8]. Our aim was to study the clinical presentations, radiological differences between the congenital and acquired causes, indications and lines of surgical intervention, and patient’s perception of treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design

A retrospective search of the manual and electronic patients’ records in our hospital was done for the patients who had a diagnosis of unilateral congenital small-sized kidney or hypoplasia between July 2015 and June 2020. Demographic variables including age and gender were studied. Also, clinical variables including the clinical presentations, laboratory and imaging investigations, complications, and management were studied. Patients’ perception of the diagnosis that they had low function kidneys was traced in the records of their counseling and subsequent follow-up compliance according to the decision of management.

Owing to the difficult differentiation between the hypoplastic kidney and atrophic causes of the unilateral small-sized kidney which could be accurately done only by histopathological studying, we employed the radiological features for the definition of the hypoplastic kidney as a kidney with smooth outline contour without strands in the surrounding fat (Figure 1), a length less than 9 cm or 3-vertebra height, or a glomerular filtration rate less than 40% of a total function that is not less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Patients who had documented acquired causes for the unilateral small-sized kidney including a previous treatment of urolithiasis by surgeries or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, evidence of previous normal kidney size, previous partial nephrectomy, and vesicoureteral reflux disease were excluded from the study.

Figure 1 A 44-year-old male patient presented with right loin pain due to right hypoplastic kidney. A coronal view of non-contrast multi-slice computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showing the small-sized right kidney with a smooth outline, two simple cysts at the middle and lower poles, and a very small stone in the lower calyx. This case was managed conservatively.

Biostatistics

The data were descriptive and were presented as numbers and percentages or mean ± standard deviation. No biostatistician revision was warranted.

RESULTS

Thirty-three patients were included in the study. The demographic and clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients (n = 33), n (%).

Variable	Value
Age (yr)
Mean ± SD	39.5 ± 11.2
Median (range)	40 (19-73)
Gender
Male	19 (57.6)
Female	14 (42.4)
Main clinical presentations
Ipsilateral loin pain	8 (24.2)
Contralateral loin pain	4 (12.1)
Bilateral or vague abdominal pain	5 (15.2)
UTI manifestations	4 (12.1)
Stone passer ± LUTS or colic	3 (9.1)
Anuria/oliguria	4 (12.1)
Accidental discovery F1	5 (15.2)
Anatomical side
Right	23 (69.7)
Left	10 (30.3)
Laboratory investigations
Serum creatinine mean ± SD; median (range) (mg/dL)	1.2 ± 0.68; 0.9 (0.66-3.6)
Positive for protein in urine	5 (15.2)
Patients with WBCs > 10/HPF in urine F2	22 (66.7)
Patients with RBCs > 3/HPF in urine	15 (45.5)

¹F: Two cases of them were potential living donors and were excluded due to this anomaly and the other three cases were investigated for hypertension.

²F: In these cases, positive culture and sensitivity tests were reported in 19 cases (86.4%). HPF: High power field; LUTS: Lower urinary tract symptoms; RBCs: Red blood corpuscles; UTI: Urinary tract infection; WBCs: White blood cells.

Ultrasonography and plain radiography were routine imaging tools. However, computed tomography (CT) was the best tool for the characterization of the morphological features and complications (Table 2) (Figures 1 and 2). Intravenous urography was performed in two patient (Figure 3). Radioisotope scanning was performed for a limited number of cases (Table 3).

Figure 2 A 43-year-old male patient presented with irritative lower urinary tract symptoms due to a left hypoplastic kidney complicated by stones. A coronal view of non-contrast multi-slice computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showing the severely diminutive left kidney with non-obstructing stones in the renal pelvis and left intramural ureter. This case was managed by left ureteroscopy and nephrectomy.

Figure 3 A 39-year-old female patient presented with right loin pain due to right hypoplastic kidney. An intravenous urography film showing the right hypoplastic kidney with preservation of the normal shape of the pelvicalyceal system and fine details of the whole kidney without obstruction, despite the presence of a right lower ureteral stone. Note the difference between the sizes of both kidneys that are outlined by the arrows.

Table 2 Number of patients and abnormal findings (other than small-sized kidney) per imaging tool, n (%).

Imaging modality	Number of patients who had this imaging	Abnormal findings	n (%)
US	33 (100)	Stones	19 (57.6)
		Cysts	3 (9.1)
		Hydronephrosis	7 (21.2)
KUB	33 (100)	Stones	18 (54.6)
IVU	2 (6.1)	Hydronephrosis	1 (3)
MSCT	27 (81.8)	Stones	23 (69.7)
		Cysts	3 (9.1)
		Hydronephrosis	8 (24.2)

IVU: Intravenous urography; KUB: Kidney-ureter-bladder radiography; MSCT: Multi-slice computed tomography; US: Ultrasonography.

Table 3 Total and split renal functions represented by the glomerular filtration rate in patients who were evaluated by renal isotope scanning (n = 8), n (%).

Case No.	Age (yr)	Gender	GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)			Indication for isotope scanning
			Total	Right	Left
Case 1	25	Male	92.4	61.9 (67)	30.5 (33)	Kidney donation
Case 2	42	Female	83.2	53.4 (64.2)	29.8 (35.8)	Kidney donation
Case 3	47	Female	88.5	67.8 (76.6)	20.7 (23.4)	To verify decision
Case 4	45	Female	69.7	61.2 (87.8)	8.5 (12.2)	Patient request
Case 5	21	Female	86	16.8 (19.5)	69.2 (80.5)	Patient request
Case 6	37	Male	77.6	58.2 (75)	19.4 (25)	To verify decision
Case 7	28	Male	83.4	17.5 (21)	65.9 (79)	To verify decision
Case 8	26	Male	66.8	7.5 (11.2)	59.3 (88.8)	To verify decision

Urolithiasis was the most common complication of the hypoplastic kidney (Table 4). One patient died from septicemia due to obstructive pyelonephritis of the contralateral kidney after 2 years from the original diagnosis.

Table 4 Rates of complications that occurred in patients with unilateral hypoplastic kidney (n = 29/33), n (%).

Complication	Number of patients	Involvement/localization
		Ipsilateral	Contralateral	Bilateral/systemic
Urolithiasis	23 (69.7)	12 (36.4)	3 (9.1)	8 (24.2)
Renal cysts	3 (9.1)	2 (6.1)	1 (3)	0 (0)
Hydronephrosis	8 (24.2)	3 (9.1)	4 (12.1)	1 (3)
Recurrent UTI	10 (30.3)	1 (3)	2 (6.1)	7 (21.2)
Hypertension	3 (9.1)	NA	NA	3 (9.1)
Septicemia	1 (3)	0 (0)	1 (3)	1 (3)

NA: Not applicable; UTI: Urinary tract infection.

Different treatment approaches were used, including nephrectomy, endoscopic treatment of stones, conservative and symptomatic treatment, and assurance only for the cases without complications. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in five cases for treatment of uncontrolled hypertension or persistent UTIs (Table 5).

Table 5 Management approaches for patients with unilateral hypoplastic kidney (n = 33), n (%).

Approach of management	Category/variety	n (%)
Assurance only		4 (12.1)
Conservative/symptomatic treatment F1	Total number of patients who received the treatment F1	9 (27.3)
	For hypertension	2 (6.1)
	For UTI	3 (9.1)
	For stones	5 (15.2)
	Hydronephrosis	1 (3)
	For cysts	1 (3)
Shock wave lithotripsy		8 (24.2)
	Ipsilateral	2 (6.1)
	Contralateral	5 (15.2)
	Bilateral	1 (3)
Endoscopic procedures
	Ipsilateral ureteroscopy	3 (9.1)
	Contralateral ureteroscopy	3 (9.1)
	Contralateral JJ placement	5 (15.2)
Laparoscopic nephrectomy		5 (15.2)
	For recurrent UTI	2 (6.1)
	For hypertension	3 (9.1)
Open nephrectomy		1 (3)
	For stones	1 (3)

¹F: Many patients received conservative treatment for more than one element of complications, while others received it for certain complications and, at the same time, received surgical interventions for other complications. Also, some patients had failed conservative treatment before surgical interventions. JJ: Double-J ureteral stent; UTI: Urinary tract infection.

All patients expressed concerns about the effect on the total kidney function. They had been educated that the lesion was unilateral and should not lead to end-stage renal disease. Four patients without complications preferred to have objective confirmation of the condition by renal radioisotope scanning including two potential kidney donors who were excluded from the donation (Table 3).

Follow-up duration varied between 7-56 mo. Three cases suffered from recurrent UTIs after stone removal and were managed conservatively.

DISCUSSION

The incidence of the small-sized kidney is variable in clinical settings[9]. Common causes of the unilateral small-sized kidney include chronic pyelonephritis, reflux or obstructive renal atrophy, and renovascular ischemia followed by the uncommon causes represented as congenital renal hypoplasia, tuberculosis, and partial nephrectomy[6]. The unilateral small-sized kidney which results from chronic pyelonephritis, congenital hypoplasia, or both represents a clinical difficulty[9].

Congenital anomalies of the urinary system are usually detected during childhood. However, when the lesion is commonly unilateral such as the hypoplastic kidney, it can pass unnoticed until the accidental discovery or development of complications in adulthood[10]. The common clinical presentations are related to the underlying complications of the hypoplastic kidney such as urolithiasis, recurrent UTIs, and hypertension[6,8]. Other rare presentations include vaginal dribbling due to ectopic ureteral insertion in females[11]. In the current study, loin pain was a cardinal presentation that refers either to the high incidence of complications including urolithiasis, hydronephrosis, and UTIs or the compensatory effect of the contralateral kidney[4-6,8].

Imaging represents a fundamental role in the urological practice with prompt advances through the last decades. Kidney size is a significant predictor of its function. Also, it is a cardinal item in urinary imaging and evaluation of the total renal functions. Bilateral reduction of renal size is imperatively associated with chronic renal impairment, especially with glomerulonephritis and other systemic parenchymal medical disorders[2,3].

Kidney size or volume and length are significant indicators for its function and affecting diseases. Measurement of the size of the kidney according to the old imaging modalities was two-dimensional and expressed relative to the corresponding vertebral heights such as in the plain and excretory radiographs[12]. However, many imaging modalities have been evolved and used recently for the measurement of three-dimensional kidney size. Among these modalities, ultrasonography has been the most practically used one, because it is available, simple, non-invasive, and repeatable. The length and size of the kidney correlate and are usually expressed relative to the whole body anthropometric measures. Size is more accurately expressed as volume by three dimensions which are length, width, and thickness with approximate mean values of 12 cm, 6 cm, and 3 cm, respectively. In spite of the absence of consensus about the definite normal values of renal dimensions among the different populations, renal length is a reproducible, accurate, and more valuable tool for studying renal diseases in adults[12-14]. Accordingly, and in parallel to these established findings, the imaging-based definition was considered in the current study. The need for documentation of the reduction of renal function was warranted only in patients with a relatively minimal size reduction, verification of the interventional management including nephrectomy, and patient insistence on numerical documentation of function. Otherwise, the severe reduction in kidney size and signs of compensation of the contralateral kidney were enough to settle the management decision in most of the cases.

Radiographic features of the uncomplicated hypoplastic kidney include a smooth outer contour of the kidney with a reduced number of calyces without caliceal clubbing or dilatation. However, these features, especially the caliceal morphology, could be disturbed in complicated cases such as urolithiasis and UTIs. These changes may concern its morphological differentiation from the atrophied kidney due to chronic pyelonephritis with an irregular contour and clubbed or dilated calyces due to scarring of the parenchyma which exerts traction forces between the renal surface and the caliceal cavity[6,8]. Renal radioisotope scanning is a tool for accurate and numerical evaluation of renal function[15]. Also, the resistive index by Doppler ultrasound showed a favorable sensitivity in the differentiation of the atrophied and hypoplastic kidneys[16]. In the current study, the indicators of the acquired affection were used to exclude patients with those findings from the study.

In cases of uncomplicated congenital hypoplastic kidney, no symptoms or therapeutic interventions are warranted. However, the management of hypoplastic kidneys is usually directed to the complications rather than the anomaly itself[10]. Indications for nephrectomy include hypertension, recurrent infections, and urolithiasis. In our series, nephrectomy was mainly done for hypertension in relatively young patients, whatever was the degree of hypertension. In the old patients, nephrectomy was preserved for those patients who had uncontrolled hypertension or those who received multiple drugs of more than one antihypertensive drug group for control. Stone passer and UTIs were other indications for surgical removal of the hypoplastic kidney.

Advantages of this series include its presentation in the time that the clinical studying of the clinical entity of hypoplastic kidney in adults has become scarce in the literature[10]. Also, it presented the classic clinical setting of the hypoplastic kidney with the patients’ perception of the potential implications of the disease. Moreover, it provided the clinical experience of a high-volume center and a tertiary level urology hospital with wide geographical drainage of urological disorders. Retrospective studying may not allow an ideal design for studying. However, it is the most suitable form for rare conditions.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, unilateral small-sized kidney in adults is a radiological diagnosis. The hypoplastic kidney is a contributing pathology with various clinical presentations due to the development of complications. Although routine imaging by abdominal ultrasonography and radiography is available, abdominal CT is commonly indicated due to complications. In the current study, renal radioisotope scanning was indicated for relatively sizable kidneys, verification of the decision of surgical intervention, and patient request for confirmation of the lesion. The unilateral small-sized kidney is commonly being complicated by urolithiasis, obstruction, or UTIs resulting in more aggressive and life-threatening morbidities such as anuria and septicemia. Endoscopic interventions are mainly for the management of urolithiasis. While conservative management is commonly planned for this lesion, interventional management approaches including nephrectomy are mainly performed for treatment of the complications such as hypertension and recurrent UTIs or urolithiasis.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Unilateral small-sized kidney is a radiological term referring to both the congenital and acquired causes of reduced kidney volume. However, the hypoplastic kidney may have peculiar clinical and radiological characteristics. Its symptomatic clinical presentations are mostly attributed to the occurrence of underlying complications warranting early and proper management.

Research motivation

There is a noticeable lack of research on the clinical aspects of the unilateral hypoplastic kidney in the updated literature. Presentation of the current series may help enrich the literature and enhance the practice.

Research objectives

To study the clinical characteristics, complications, and management approaches of the unilateral radiologically diagnosed hypoplastic kidney in adults.

Research methods

A retrospective study was carried out on patients with a radiological diagnosis of unilateral hypoplastic kidney between July 2015 and June 2020 at a tertiary-level urology center in Egypt. The demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics and management approaches were reviewed.

Research results

The study included 33 cases with unilateral hypoplastic kidney with a mean (range) age of 39.5 ± 11.2 (19-73) years. Loin pain (51.5%) was the main clinical presentation followed by the accidental discovery (15.2%), anuria (12.1%), manifestations of urinary tract infections (UTIs; 12.1%), and stone passer (9.1%). Radiological diagnosis was commonly done by CT showing the main features including the small volume and the preserved smooth outline and structures. Urolithiasis occurred in 23 (69.7%) cases and pyuria was detected in 22 (66.7%) cases where UTIs were documented by culture and sensitivity test in 19 cases. The non-complicated cases were managed by assurance only (12.1%), symptomatic (27.3%) and endoscopic (45.6%) approaches were used for the management of simple and correctable complications, and nephrectomy (15.2%) was performed for persistent complications.

Research conclusions

There are various presentations for the unilateral hypoplastic kidney ranging from accidental discovery to UTIs that may lead to death by septicemia. The diagnosis is mainly radiological and management is usually conservative or minimally invasive relative to the underlying findings.

Research perspectives

Presentation of the clinical characteristics and outcomes may enhance the relevant urological practice of this disease. Urologists can provide the proper management including the conservative approaches for the simple complications and laparoscopic nephrectomy for the persistent complications.