Peritoneal dialysis associated infections: An update on diagnosis and management

Table 1 Incidence and spectrum of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

Ref.	No.	Infection rate (episodes/patient-year)	Organisms	Comments
Lobo et al[12]	330	0.42	S. aureus 27.5%	Brazil
2003-2007			E. coli 13.4%	Hypoalbuminaemia a risk factor
			Culture neghative 32.5%
Shyr et al[13]	55	0.56		Experience surgeon may be a factor preventing infection
1990-1993		0.36 (ESI)
Cleper et al[14]	29	1.66	S. aureus 32.5%	Children; modality change in 18%
1997-2007			Pseudomonas 16%
Shigidi et al[15]	241	0.24 ± 0.1	S. aureus 21%	Qatar; Catheter loss 19%; Mortality 3% due to candida and pseudomonas peritonitis
2003-2007			E. coli 9%
			Culture negative 28%
Kofteridis et al[16]	82	0.89	G+ve 42%	Greece
1990-2007			G-ve 19%
			Polymicrobial 5%
			Fungal 4%
Freitas et al[17]	137	0.31 (ESI)	G+ve 56%	Cure rate 96%
2005-2008			G-ve 27%	Catheter loss in 3 patrients; peritonitis in two
			Pseudomonas
			Fungi
Edey et al[18]	103	116 episodes in 103 pts	Polymicrobial	Enterococci peritonitis is associated with catheter loss
2003-2006
Prasad et al[19]	168	0.63	G-ve 60%	G-ve peritonitis has worse outcome than G+ve
1993-2001			G+ 40%
			Polymicrobial
			Fungal
Boehm et al[20]	30	0.82		USA and European data
1994-2003
Goffin et al[21]	101	0.41	G+ve 51.5%
1991-2000			G-ve 27.7%
			Polymicrobial 13%
			Culture negative 7.9%
Nessim et al[22]	4247	0.36		Double cuff catheters had better results
1996-2005
Tan et al[23]	64	0.23		Singapore
Li et al[24]	110	0.29		Hong Kong
Han et al[25]	2301	0.38	G+ve 42.6%	Korea
1981-2005			G-ve 17.0%	Peritonitis rates fell from 0.57 in earlier to 0.29 in latter period
			Fungal 2.1%
			Culture negative 37.3%

S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; E. coli: Escherichia coli.