Why do young people with chronic kidney disease die early?

Figure 1 All-cause mortality and its relationship to worsening chronic kidney disease. After Go AS 2004[1].

Figure 2 Cardiovascular event rates according to chronic kidney disease stage. After Go AS 2004[1].

Figure 3 The physiological roles of nitric oxide on endothelial function.

Figure 4 Microalbuminuria as a risk factor for death in type 2 diabetes. Reproduced from Schmitz et al[49], 1988.

Figure 5 Maturation of high-density lipoprotein and the protective effect of apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F. (Apo)A-I: Apolipoprotein A-I; ABCG1: Adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter G-1 protein; LCAT: Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase; SR-B1: Scavenger receptor B1; PON1: Paraoxonase-1; LRP: Lipoprotein-like receptor; VEC: Vascular endothelial cells; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; HDL: High-density lipoprotein. After Kaysen[74], 2009.

Figure 6 Premature death related to heart failure in haemodialysis. After Harnett et al[81], 1995.

Figure 7 Interplay between calcium, phosphate, calcitriol and Fibroblast growth factor-23 in chronic kidney disease. FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; CKD: Chronic kidney disease.

Figure 8 The association between chronic kidney disease and coronary heart disease. Adapted from Hage FG 2009[67].