Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: Pathogenesis and clinical implication

Figure 1 Factors associated with the development of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. VSMCs: Vascular smooth muscle cells; PPi: Pyrophosphate; MGP: Matrix-gla protein; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; MMP: Matrix matalloproteases.

Figure 2 Imaging techniques for detection of vascular calcification. A: Multi-slice computed tomography demonstrating coronary artery calcification (arrow); B: Lateral abdominal radiograph displaying aortic calcification (arrows); C: Pelvic radiograph revealing iliac (black arrow) and femoral (white arrow) arterial calcification.