Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and its related determinants in Nigeria: An online survey

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants

Variable	Categories	Frequency
Age group in yr	≤ 20	310 (17.2)
	21-30	530 (29.4)
	31-40	460 (25.6)
	41-50	380 (21.1)
	> 51	120 (6.7)
Sex	Female	830 (46.1)
	Male	970 (53.9)
Location	Rural	170 (9.4)
	Urban	1630 (90.6)
Average income	Less than $500 per month	780 (43.3)
	$1000-$1999 per month	190 (10.6)
	$2000-$2999 per month	240 (13.3)
	$3000-$4999 per month	110 (6.1)
	$5000-$7999 per month	60 (3.3)
	$500-$999 per month	280 (15.6)
	$8000-$9999 per month	40 (2.2)
	$10000-$12999 per month	30 (1.7)
	$13000 or more per month	70 (3.9)
Religion	Catholic	280 (15.6)
	Christian/Protestant/Methodist/Lutheran/Baptist	1130 (62.8)
	Muslim	380 (21.1)
	Other	10 (0.6)

Data are presented as n (%).

Table 2 Existence of underlying conditions among the study participants

Underlying conditions	Frequency (%)
Have diabetes	150 (8.3)
Have heart disease	40 (2.2)
Have pulmonary disease	20 (1.1)
Have hypertension	0 (0.0)

Data are presented as n (%).

Table 3 Impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on work and study life of the participants

Variable	Categories	Frequency
Are you currently	Employed for wages	880 (48.9)
	Homemaker	10 (0.6)
	Out of work for 1 year or more	30 (1.7)
	Out of work for less than 1 year	80 (4.4)
	Self-employed	150 (8.3)
	Student	650 (36.1)
How much has your work changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic	I was let go from my job	80 (4.4)
	I work fewer hours	340 (18.9)
	I work more hours	250 (13.9)
	No change. I work the same amount	530 (29.4)
	Not applicable (not working)	600 (33.3)
How much has your salary changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic	I am getting paid less	660 (36.7)
	I am getting paid more	40 (2.2)
	No change. I am getting paid the same	1100 (61.1)
In the past week, how often have you gone to work or school outside of the home	0 day	260 (14.4)
	1 day	30 (1.7)
	2 days	150 (8.3)
	3 days	160 (8.9)
	4 days	180 (10.0)
	5 days	510 (28.3)
	6 days	180 (10.0)
	7 days	330 (18.3)
Did you wear a mask at work/school	No	20 (1.1)
	Not applicable (not going out a whole week)	150 (8.3)
	Yes, during my whole time at work/school	1020 (56.7)
	Yes, for part of the time at work/school	610 (33.9)
In the past week, how often have you gone to a grocery store or other food vendor	0 day	170 (9.4)
	1 day	510 (28.3)
	2 days	520 (28.9)
	3 days	360 (20.0)
	4 days	40 (2.2)
	5 days	90 (5.0)
	6 days	50 (2.8)
	7 days	60 (3.3)
Did you wear a mask at the grocery store or other food vendor	No	130 (7.2)
	Not applicable (not going out to grocery store or other food vendor whole week)	80 (4.4)
	Yes, during my whole time at the store	1280 (71.1)
	Yes, for part of the time at the store	310 (17.2)

Data are presented as n (%). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 4 Perception of vaccination and social distancing measures among the study participants

Variable	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree
Vaccines are important for my health	790 (43.9)	780 (43.3)	170 (9.4)	20 (1.1)	40 (2.2)
Vaccines are effective	650 (36.1)	870 (48.3)	240 (13.3)	10 (0.6)	30 (1.7)
Being vaccinated is important for the health of others in my community	860 (47.8)	740 (41.1)	140 (7.8)	50 (2.8)	10 (0.6)
All routine vaccines recommended by the healthcare workers are beneficial	580 (32.2)	850 (47.2)	300 (16.7)	60 (3.3)	10 (0.6)
New vaccines carry more risks than older vaccines	330 (18.3)	490 (27.2)	670 (37.2)	220 (12.2)	90 (5.0)
The information I receive about vaccines from the government is reliable and trustworthy	130 (7.2)	610 (33.9)	770 (42.8)	220 (12.2)	70 (3.9)
Getting vaccines is a good way to protect me from disease	740 (41.1)	820 (45.6)	150 (8.3)	50 (2.8)	40 (2.2)
Generally, I follow vaccine recommendations from my doctor or health care provider	650 (36.1)	950 (52.8)	140 (7.8)	50 (2.8)	10 (0.6)
Social distancing can protect yourself from COVID-19	970 (53.9)	730 (40.6)	70 (3.9)	20 (1.1)	10 (0.6)
Social distancing can protect your child or children from COVID-19	1030 (57.2)	650 (36.1)	100 (5.7)	20 (1.1)	0 (0.0)
Social distancing can protect your parents from COVID-19	1030 (57.2)	670 (37.2)	80 (4.4)	20 (1.1)	0 (0.0)

Data are presented as n (%). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 5 Perception of vaccination and social distancing measures among those with underlying conditions

Variable	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree
Vaccines are important for my health	200 (95.2)	10 (4.76)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Vaccines are effective	200 (95.2)	10 (4.76)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Being vaccinated is important for the health of others in my community	210 (100)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
All routine vaccines recommended by the healthcare workers are beneficial	200 (95.2)	10 (4.76)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
New vaccines carry more risks than older vaccines	0 (0.0)	20 (9.52)	80 (38.1)	100 (47.6)	10 (4.76)
The information I receive about vaccines from the government is reliable and trustworthy	200 (95.2)	10 (4.76)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Getting vaccines is a good way to protect me from disease	200 (95.2)	10 (4.76)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Generally, I follow vaccine recommendations from my doctor or health care provider	200 (95.2)	10 (4.76)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Social distancing can protect yourself from COVID-19	210 (100)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Social distancing can protect your child or children from COVID-19	200 (95.2)	5 (2.38)	5 (2.38)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Social distancing can protect your parents from COVID-19	200 (95.2)	5 (2.38)	5 (2.38)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)

Data are presented as n (%). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 6 Association between sociodemographic and perception of vaccination and social distancing measures among the study participants

Variable	Categories	Poor perception	Good perception	Total	χ²	P value	Odds ratio (95%CI)
Age group (yr)	≤ 20	220 (12.2)	90 (5.0)	310 (17.2)	8.449	0.076
	21-30	260 (14.4)	270 (15.0)	530 (29.4)			1.25 (0.94-1.65)
	31-40	200 (11.1)	260 (14.4)	460 (25.6)
	41-50	160 (8.9)	220 (12.2)	380 (21.1)
	> 51	40 (2.2)	80 (4.4)	120 (6.7)
Sex	Female	450 (25.0)	380 (21.1)	830 (46.1)	1.75	0.186
	Male	430 (23.9)	540 (30.0)	970 (53.9)			0.74 (0.38-1.44)
Location	Rural	110 (6.1)	60 (3.3)	170 (9.4)	1.88	0.17
	Urban	770 (42.8)	860 (47.8)	1630 (90.6)			0.50 (0.16-1.51)
Average income	Less than $500 per month	410 (22.8)	370 (20.6)	780 (43.3)			1.17 (0.14-9.43)
	$500-$999 per month	110 (6.1)	170 (9.4)	280 (15.6)			0.94 (0.17-5.27)
	$1000-$1999 per month	80 (4.4)	110 (6.1)	190 (10.6)	7.15	0.521
	$2000-$2999 per month	110 (6.1)	130 (7.2)	240 (13.3)			0.38 (0.07-2.21)
	$3000-$4999 per month	40 (2.2)	70 (3.9)	110 (6.1)			1.19 (0.46-3.10)
	$5000-$7999 per month	30 (1.7)	30 (1.7)	60 (3.3)			1.33 (0.34-5.13)
	$8000-$9999 per month	20 (1.1)	20 (1.1)	40 (2.2)			1.59 (0.64-3.96)
	$10000-$12999 per month	30 (1.7)	0 (0)	30 (1.7)			1.26 (0.44-3.65)
	$13000 or more per month	50 (2.8)	20 (1.1)	70 (3.9)			0.00 (0.00-0.00)
Religion	Catholic	150 (8.3)	130 (7.2)	280 (15.6)	2.819	0.42
	Christian/Protestant/Methodist/Lutheran/ Baptist	580 (32.2)	550 (30.6)	1130 (62.8)			0.00 (0.00-0.00)
	Muslim	150 (8.3)	230 (12.8)	38 (21.1)			0.00 (0.00-0.00)
	Other	0 (0.0)	10 (0.6)	1 (0.6)			0.00 (0.00-0.00)

Data are presented as n (%). CI: Confidence interval.

Table 7 Occurrence of the coronavirus disease 2019 and the severity among the study participants

Variable	Categories	Frequency
Diagnosed with COVID-19 by a doctor	No	1700 (94.4)
	Yes	100 (5.6)
How serious was the course of illness when you were infected with COVID-19	Not applicable	1700 (94.4)
	Not very serious	60 (3.3)
	Somewhat serious	40 (2.2)
Do you know people in your immediate social environment (close friends or family members) who are or have been infected with COVID-19	Do not know	420 (23.3)
	No	670 (37.2)
	Yes	710 (39.4)
How serious was the course of illness when your friend or family member was infected with the COVID-19? If you know multiple people who have had COVID-19, think about the most recent one	Not applicable	1090 (60.6)
	Not very serious	260 (14.4)
	Somewhat serious	300 (16.7)
	Very serious	150 (8.3)
Have you seen or read about individuals infected with the COVID-19 on social media or TV	No	30 (1.7)
	Yes	1770 (98.3)
How serious was the course of illness for the most recent COVID-19 case you have seen or read about in social media or on the TV	No idea	30 (1.7)
	Not very serious	260 (14.4)
	Somewhat serious	620 (34.4)
	Very serious	890 (49.4)
Have you ever heard that your local health facilities stop the vaccination service for kids due to COVID-19 pandemic	No	1550 (86.1)
	Yes	250 (13.9)

Data are presented as n (%). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 8 Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine acceptance rates among the study participants

Variable	Categories	Frequency
Imagine that a new COVID-19 vaccine has just been developed. It has received the same testing as the adult influenza vaccine. The government is offering it as a FREE and optional vaccine. Would you accept a COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine was 95% effective	No	420 (23.3)
	Yes	1380 (76.7)
The vaccine is 50% effective, with a 5% chance of a side effect like a fever (50% effective means that there is a 50% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	860 (47.8)
	Yes	940 (52.2)
The vaccine is 95% effective, with a 20% chance of a side effect like a fever (95% effective means that there is a 95% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	550 (30.6)
	Yes	1250 (69.4)
The vaccine is 75% effective, with a 5% chance of a side effect like a fever (75% effective means that there is a 75% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	400 (22.2)
	Yes	1400 (77.8)
The vaccine is 75% effective, with a 20% chance of a side effect like a fever (75% effective means that there is a 75% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	990 (55.0)
	Yes	810 (45.0)
For a COVID-19 vaccine that is 95% effective and a 5% chance of a side effect like fever or local pain? If the price was US$50 for complete vaccination. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated	No	540 (30.0)
	Yes	1260 (70.0)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$100. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated	No	650 (36.1)
	Yes	1150 (63.9)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$200. Would you still buy the vaccine and get vaccinated	No	570 (31.7)
	Yes	1230 (68.3)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price is reduced to US$25. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated	No	550 (30.6)
	Yes	1250 (69.4)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$12.5. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated	No	1210 (67.2)
	Yes	590 (32.8)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$5 only. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated	No	630 (35.0)
	Yes	1170 (65.0)

Data are presented as n (%). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 9 Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine acceptance rates among those with underlying conditions

Variable	Categories	Frequency
Imagine that a new COVID-19 vaccine has just been developed. It has received the same testing as the adult influenza vaccine. The government is offering it as a free and optional vaccine. Would you accept a COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine was 95% effective?	No	0 (0.0)
	Yes	210 (100.0)
The vaccine was 50% effective, with a 5% chance of a side effect like a fever? (50% effective means that there is a 50% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	10 (4.8)
	Yes	200 (95.2)
The vaccine was 95% effective, with a 20% chance of a side effect like a fever? (95% effective means that there is a 95% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	30 (14.3)
	Yes	180 (85.7)
The vaccine was 75% effective, with a 5% chance of a side effect like a fever? (75% effective means that there is a 75% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	25 (11.9)
	Yes	185 (88.09)
The vaccine was 75% effective, with a 20% chance of a side effect like a fever? (75% effective means that there is a 75% reduction in disease among those vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated)	No	30 (14.3)
	Yes	180 (85.7)
For a COVID-19 vaccine that was 95% effective and a 5% chance of a side effect like a fever or local pain? If the price is US$50 for complete vaccination. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated?	No	0 (0.0)
	Yes	210 (100)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$100. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated?	No	0 (0.0)
	Yes	210 (100.0)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$200. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated?	No	10 (4.8)
	Yes	200 (95.2)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was reduced to US$25. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated?	No	0 (0.0)
	Yes	210 (100.0)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$12.5. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated?	No	0 (0.0)
	Yes	210 (100.0)
If the COVID-19 vaccine price was US$5 only. Would you buy the vaccine and get vaccinated?	No	0 (0.0)
	Yes	210 (100.0)

Data are presented as n (%). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 10 Association between sociodemographic and the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine acceptance rates among the study participants

Variable	Categories	Poor	Good	Total	χ²	P value	Odds ratio (95%CI)
Age group (yr)	≤ 20	70 (3.9)	240 (13.3)	310 (17.2)	3.049	0.55
	21-30	200 (11.1)	330 (18.3)	530 (29.4)			0.76 (0.57-1.02)
	31-40	180 (10.0)	280 (15.6)	460 (25.6)
	41-50	150 (8.3)	230 (12.8)	380 (21.1)
	> 51	50 (2.8)	70 (3.9)	120 (6.7)
Sex	Female	310 (17.2)	520 (28.9)	830 (46.1)	0.102	0.749
	Male	340 (18.9)	630 (35.0)	970 (53.9)			0.83 (0.42-1.62)
Location	Rural	60 (3.3)	110 (6.1)	170 (9.4)	0.005	0.941
	Urban	590 (32.8)	1040 (57.8)	1630 (90.6)			0.90 (0.29-2.78)
Average income	Less than $500 per month	310 (17.2)	470 (26.1)	780 (43.3)			2.74 (0.25-30.32)
	$500-$999 per month	110 (6.1)	170 (9.4)	280 (15.6)			4.14 (0.44-38.90)
	$1000-$1999 per month	40 (2.2)	150 (8.3)	190 (10.6)	3.802	0.875
	$2000-$2999 per month	90 (5.0)	150 (8.3)	240 (13.3)			0.81 (0.16-4.05)
	$3000-$4999 per month	40 (2.2)	70 (3.9)	110 (6.1)			1.25 (0.47-3.29)
	$5000-$7999 per month	10 (0.6)	50 (2.8)	60 (3.3)			1.33 (0.34-5.22)
	$8000-$9999 per month	10 (0.6)	30 (1.7)	40 (2.2)			1.08 (0.43-2.68)
	$10000-$12999 per month	10 (0.6)	20 (1.1)	30 (1.7)			2.76 (0.81-9.42)
	$13000 or more per month	30 (1.7)	40 (2.2)	70 (3.9)			1.14 (0.09-13.78)
Religion	Catholic	100 (5.6)	180 (10.0)	280 (15.6)	1.804	0.614
	Christian/Protestant/Methodist/Lutheran/Baptist	440 (24.4)	690 (38.3)	1130 (62.8)			0.00 (0.00-0.00)
	Muslim	110 (6.1)	270 (15.0)	380 (21.1)			0.00 (0.00-0.00)
	Other	0 (0.0)	10 (0.6)	10 (0.6)			0.00 (0.00-0.00)

Data are presented as n (%). CI: Confidence interval.

Table 11 Overall mean score of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine acceptance rates among the study participants

Variable	Poor	Good	P value
Overall score on perception of vaccination and social distancing measures among the study participants	8.49 ± 2.72	9.04 ± 1.88	0.112
Overall score on the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine acceptance rates among the study participants.	4.18 ± 1.66	8.44 ± 1.14	0.000