Rhabdomyolysis-related acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of acute kidney injury patients with rhabdomyolysis and other acute kidney injury, n (%)

	Rhabdomyolysis (n = 15)	Other AKI (n = 100)	P value
Age, yr	61.00 ± 19.10	62.60 ± 13.50	0.70
Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)	0.86 ± 0.13	0.92 ± 0.15	0.25
Gender (%, male)	73.3	75.0	0.86
Hypertension	6 (40.0)	28 (28.0)	0.34
Diabetes	5 (33.3)	21 (21.0)	0.30

Data are given as mean ± SD when normally distributed. χ² test is used for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U test is used for non-normally distributed data. AKI: Acute kidney injury.

Table 2 Comparison of rhabdomyolysis related acute kidney injury and other acute kidney injury

	Rhabdomyolysis (n = 15)	Other AKI (n = 100)	P value
Peak creatinine (mg/dL)	2.47 ± 1.17	1.62 ± 0.58	0.000
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)	89.75 ± 8.63	88.63 ± 14.38	0.790
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.59 ± 1.83	12.26 ± 1.83	0.560
Lymphocytes (μL)	941.60 ± 311.70	1362.30 ± 676.10	0.010
Nadir lymphocytes (μL)	533.30 ± 280.60	957.90 ± 618.80	0.020
CRP (mg/L)	111.12 ± 69.91	77.45 ± 78.41	0.140
Peak CRP (mg/dL)	253.24 ± 80.67	156.95 ± 111.20	0.000
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	0.28 [0.12-0.75]	0.10 [0.06-0.28]	0.018
Peak procalcitonin (ng/mL)	1.61 [0.40-10.60]	0.16 [0.08-1.03]	0.002
Creatine kinase (U/L)	260.00 [123.50-1057.20]	94.50 [58.0-203.70]	0.005
Peak CK (U/L)	1929.30 ± 1282.20	238.10 ± 237.0	0.000
	Median: 1514.0	Median: 126.50
Ferritin (ng/mL)	669.0 [195.90-1403.50]	366.00 [192.50-884.0]	0.360
Peak ferritin (ng/mL)	1320.10 ± 590.0	967.10 ± 1038.70	0.020
	Median: 1267.50	Median: 657.0
LDH (U/L)	469.40 ± 162.70	408.00 ± 350.0	0.550
Peak LDH (U/L)	964.90 ± 409.60	654.70 ± 61.80	0.030
Albumin (g/dL)	3.15 ± 0.49	3.44 ± 0.49	0.057
D-dimer (μg FEU/mL)	1.62 ± 1.34	1.93 ± 3.17	0.730
Peak d-dimer (μg FEU/mL)	23.40 ± 22.50	7.90 ± 11.07	0.030
Uric acid (mg/dL)	4.85 ± 2.18	5.81 ± 2.18	0.160
HCO3- (mmol/L)	21.51 ± 8.71	24.98 ± 4.53	0.220

Data are given as mean ± SD when normally distributed and as median (interquartile range) when non-normally distributed. Student’s t-test is used for normal distributed data and Mann-Whitney U test is used for non-normally distributed data. AKI: Acute kidney injury; CK: Creatine kinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehdyrogenase.

Table 3 Acute kidney injury stages and outcome of rhabdomyolysis patients and others, n (%)

	Rhabdomyolysis (n = 15)	Other AKI (n = 100)	P value
AKI stage I, II, III (%)	20.0; 33.3; 46.7	85.0; 10.0; 5.0	0.000
ICU admission	12 (80.0)	27 (27.0)	0.002
Mortality	11 (73.3)	18 (18.0)	0.001
Pro-BNP (pg/mL)	7460 [1451.0-34624.0]	583 [99.7-4203.0]	0.003
Hyperkalemia	8 (53.3)	39 (39.0)	0.270

χ² test is used for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney U test is used for non-normally distributed data. Data are given as median (interquartile range) when non-normally distributed. AKI: Acute kidney injury; ICU: Intensive care unit; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide.