Copyright
©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Virol. Jan 25, 2022; 11(1): 1-19
Published online Jan 25, 2022. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.1
Published online Jan 25, 2022. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.1
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
Ref. | Inciardi et al[1] | Singer et al[2] | Zylla et al[3] | Russo et al[4] | Bhatla et al[5] | Peltzer et al[6] | Lala et al[7] | Shi et al[8] | Zhou et al[9] | Chen et al[10] | Jarrett et al[11] |
Country | Italy | United States | Germany | Italy | United States | United States | United States | China | China | China | United States |
Total number of patients | 99 | 737 | 166 | 414 | 700 | 1053 | 2736 | 416 | 191 | 274 | 2634 (all patients died) |
Patients with chronic heart failure | 21 (21) | 39 (5) | - | 46 (11.1) | 88 (13) | 79 (7.5) | 276 (10.1) | 17 (4.1) | - | 1 (< 1) | 291 (11.1) |
Newly diagnosed LV dysfunction | - | - | 5 (3) | - | - | - | - | - | 44 (23) | 43/176 (24) | - |
Study type | RC, single centre | RC, single centre | RC,multicenter | RC, multicenter | RC, single centre | RC, multicenter | RC, multicenter | RC, single centre | RC, multicenter | RC, single center | RC of in-patients who died of COVID-19 in a single center |
Age (mean ± SD) | 67 ± 12 | 60 ± 18 | 64.1 ± 16.7 | 66.9 ± 15.0 | 50 ± 18 | 62 ± 17 | 66.4 (median) | 64 (range: 21-95) | 56 (IQR: 46-67) | 62 (IQR: 44-70) | Range: 21-107 |
Male | 8 (81) | 423 (57) | 108 (65.1) | 253 (61.1) | 315 (45) | 653 (62) | 1630 (59.5) | 205 (49.3) | 119 (62) | 171 (62) | 1664 (63.2) |
LVEF, % (mean ± SD) | 48 ± 14 | - | 53.0 ± 12.3 | - | - | HFrEF: 41 (3.8) | - | - | - | - | - |
ICU admission | 12 (12) | 59 (8) | 65 (39.2) | - | 79 (11.28) | 349 (33.14) | - | - | 50 (26) | - | 1299 (49.3) |
NIV | 18 (19.1) | 40 (5) | 39 (23.5) | - | - | - | - | 32 (7.7) | 26 (14) | 102 (37) | - |
IV | 2 (2) | 149 (20.2) | 37 (22.3) | - | - | 327 (31.05) | 307 (11.2) | 51 (12.3) | 32 (17) | 17 (6) | 140 (53.2) |
ECMO/ICD/CRT/PPM | - | - | PPM:3 (1.8), ICD:2 (1.2), ECMO:3 (1.8) | - | - | - | - | - | ECMO: 3 (2) | ECMO: 1 (<m1) | - |
Vasopressor | - | - | 30 (18.1) | - | - | 323 (30.67) | - | - | - | - | - |
Hospital LOS, d, (mean ± SD) | 11.4 ± 6.5 | 4.7 ± 3.0 | 10.5 (IQR 5-22 d)[ICU stay: 8 (IQR 4-22.5)] | - | - | - | 5.75 (IQR :3.36-9.56) | - | 11 (7–14) [ICU stay: 8 (4–12)] | - | - |
Complications | Venous thrombo-embolism: 12 (12), Arterial thrombo-embolism: 3 (3), septic shock/sepsis: 6 (6) | - | - | - | - | Bacteremia:100 (9.5), VTE: 54 (5.13), stroke/TIA:18 (1.71), AKI requiring RRT: 34 (3.23) | Hospitalized at time ofstudy publication: 1098 (40.1) | CRRT: 2 (0.5), ARDS: 97 (23.3), Coagulation disorders: 12 (2.9), hospitalized at end of study period:319 (76.7) | RRT: 10 (5), sepsis:112 (59), respiratory failure: 103 (54), ARDS: 59 (31), septic shock: 38 (20), coagulopathy: 37 (19), secondary infection:28 (15) | AKI: 29 (11), CRRT: 3 (1), sepsis: 179 (65), DIC: 21 (8), shock: 46 (17), ALI: 13 (5) | - |
Mortality | 26 (26) | 68 (9) | 26 (15.7) | 107 (25.8) | 30 (4) | 184 (17.47) | 506 (18.5) | 57 (13.7) | 54 (28.2) | 113 (40) | 2634 (100) |
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Ref. | Zeng et al[16] | Petrilli et al[17] | Bhatla et al [5] | Hayek et al[18] | Iaccarino et al[19] | Arentz et al[20] |
Country | China | United States | United States | United States | Italy | United States |
Total number of patients in ICU | 35 | 990 | 79 | 5019 | 395 | 21 |
Patients with chronic heart failure | NR | 189 (19.1) | 22 (28) | 512 (10.20) | 60 (15.2) | 9 (42.9) |
Newly diagnosed LV dysfunction/acute heart failure | 5 (14) | - | - | 166 (3.3) | - | 7 (33.3) |
Study type | Retrospective cohort, single centre | Prospective cohort, single centre | Retrospective cohort, single centre | Retrospective cohort, multicenter | Cross-sectional study, multicenter | Retrospective cohort, single centre |
Age, (mean ± SD) | 64.00 (59.50–68.00) | 68 (58-78) | 63 ± 16 | 60 ± 15, 63 ± 141 | 68.9±0.7 | 70 (43-92) range |
Male | 23 (66) | 656 (66.3) | 40 (51) | 3165 (63.06) | 291 (73.7) | 11 (52) |
Risk factors | Hypertension: 13 (37), coronary artery disease: 2 (6), arrhythmia: 2 (6), valvular disease:1 (3), diabetes: 10 (29), COPD: 1 (3) | Diabetes: 389 (39.3), asthma or COPD: 169 (17.1), chronic kidney disease: 259 (26.2), cancer: 138 (13.9) | Coronary heart disease: 21 (27), diabetes mellitus :35 (44), hypertension: 62 (78), atrial fibrillation history: 5 (6), obstructive sleep apnea: 23 (29), COPD: 14 (18), liver disease: 14 (18), chronic kidney disease: 16 (20), current tobacco: 4 (5) | Current or former tobacco use: 2174 (43.31), diabetes mellitus: 2110 (42.04), hypertension:3086 (61.48), coronary artery disease:676 (13.46), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 43 (0.85), chronic or end stage kidney disease: 819 (16.31), active malignancy:227 (4.52) | Hypertension: 256 (65.3), obesity: 49 (12.4), diabetes: 90 (22.8), COPD: 41 (10.4), CKD: 34 (8.6), coronary artery disease: 62 (15.7) | Asthma: 2 (9.1), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 7 (33.3), diabetes: 7 (33.3), obstructive sleep apnea: 6 (28.6), chronic kidney disease: 10 (47.6), end-stage kidney disease: 2 (9.5), history of solid organ transplant: 2 (9.5), cirrhosis: 1 (4.8), immunosuppression: 3 (14.3) |
HFrEF, | 5 (14) | - | - | - | - | - |
HFpEF | 0 (0) | - | - | - | - | - |
Drugs | - | - | - | - | ACE-inhibitors: 97 (24.6), ARB: 66 (16.7), beta-blockers: 96 (24.3), ca-antagonists: 31 (7.8), diuretics: 58 (14.7), alpha-blockers: 7 (1.8) | - |
ICD | - | - | 5 (6) | - | - | - |
Ventilation | 35 (100) | 647 (65.35) | - | - | - | 19 (90.5) |
NIV | 17 (49) | - | - | - | - | 4 (19) |
IV | 18 (51) | 647 (65.35) | - | 3663 (72.98) | - | 15 (71) |
ECMO | 5 (15) | - | - | 176 (3.51) | - | - |
Vasopressor | NR | - | - | 1617 (32.22) | - | 14 (67) |
ICU stay duration in days | 38 (33–47) | 36 (32-40) | - | 17 (9-30), 6 (4-10)1 | - | - |
Organ dysfunction | NR | - | - | Acute kidney injury requiring RRT: 1003 | - | AKI: 4 (19.1), ALI: 3 (14.3) |
Morbidity | acute cardiac injury: 21 (60), atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia:3 (9) | 86 (8.68) patients being ventilated and 74 (7.47) patients still admitted at the end of study period | - | Still in hospital 30 days after ICU admission: 169 | - | Admitted in ICU at end of study: 8 (38.1) |
Mortality | 3 (9) | 485 (49) | - | 2043 (40.71) | - | 11 (52.4) |
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Ref. | Bhatt et alI[21] | Alvarez-Garcia et al[22] | Caraballo et al[23] | Tomasoni et al[24] | Andersson et al[25] |
Country | United States | United States | United States | Italy | Denmark |
Patient number | 8383 | 422 | 206 | 90 | 90 |
Study type | Retrospective cohort, multicentre | Retrospective cohort, multicentre | Retrospective cohort, multicentre | Retrospective cohort, multicentre | Retrospective cohort. multicentre |
Age, (mean±SD) | 71.7 ± 13.2 | 72.5 ± 13.3 | 78 (IQR: 65-87) | 73.0 ± 11.4 | |
Male | 4178 (49.8) | 236 (55.9) | 93 (45.1) | 66 (73.3) | |
Risk factors | Obesity: 2461 (29.4), morbid obesity: 1425 (17.0), hypertension: 6997 (83.5), diabetes: 5107 (60.9), history of arrhythmia: 4548 (54.3), valvular disease: 1417 (16.9), kidney disease: 5020 (59.9), ESKD: 1689 (20.1), smoking: 3665 (43.7), pulmonary disease: 3539 (42.2), asthma: 628 (7.5), anemia: 628 (7.5), malignancy: 290 (3.5) | Obesity: 169 (40.0), hypertension: 382 (90.5), diabetes mellitus: 269 (63.7), dyslipidemia: 228 (54.0), CAD: 235 (55.7), stroke: 114 (27.0), atrial fibrillation: 160 (37.9), CKD: 177 (41.9), COPD: 94 (22.3), asthma: 58 (13.7), OSA: 57 (13.5) | Hypertension: 164 (79.6)COPD: 67 (32.5)CAD: 73 (35.4)Renal disease:7 9 (38.3) | Smoker: 42 (55.3), hypertension: 68 (75.6), dyslipidaemia: 56 (62.2), diabetes: 37 (41.1), atrial fibrillation: 42 (46.7), coronary artery disease: 55 (61.1), COPD: 22 (24.4), CKD: 49 (54.4) | |
LVEF (%), (mean ± SD) | - | - | - | 42.1 ± 13.1 | - |
HFrEF | 3318 (39.6) | 128 (30.3) | 36 (17.5) | 64 (71) | - |
HFmrEF | - | 44 (10.4) | - | - | - |
HFpEF | 3486 (41.6) | 250 (59.3) | - | 26 (29) | - |
RV dysfunction | - | - | - | 16 (28.6) | - |
Drugs prior to hospitalization | - | RAAS inhibitors: 260 (61.6), beta-blockers: 354 (83.9), MRA: 60 (14.2), loop diuretics: 318 (75.4), thiazides: 64 (15.2), antiplatelet: 327 (77.5), anticoagulant: 175 (41.5), statins: 351 (83.2) | ACEi/ARB: 58 (28.2), beta-blocker: 94 (45.6), CCB: 69 (33.5), SGLT2i: 1 (0.5), warfarin: 16 (7.8), NOAC: 47 (22.8), diuretic: 99 (48.1), statin: 117 (56.8) | ACEi/ARBs/ARNI: 42 (50.0), MRAs: 23 (34.8), beta-blockers: 69 (81.2), direct oral anticoagulants: 17 (20.5), warfarin: 18 (21.6), statins: 47 (56.0) | - |
ICD/CRT | - | - | - | ICD: 20 (22.2), CRT: 8 (8.9) (both prior to hospitalization) | - |
ICU | 2431 (29) | 98 (23.2) | - | - | - |
Ventilation | - | 96 (22.8) | - | - | - |
NIV | - | - | - | 28 (31.1) | - |
IV | - | 96 (22.8) | - | 5 (5.6) | - |
ECMO | 3 (0.04) | - | - | - | - |
ICU stay duration | - | 5 (2-11) | - | - | - |
Mortality | 2026 (24.2) | 169 (40.0) | 41 (20) | 37 (41.1) | 33 (27) |
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Ref. | Latif et al[27] | Ketcham et al[28] | Singhvi et al[29] | Lima et al[30] | Bottio et al[31] |
Country | United States | United States | United States | United States | Italy |
Patient number | 28 | 6 | 22 | 5 | 38 |
Study type | Retrospective observational | Retrospective observational | Retrospective observational | Retrospective observational | Retrospective observational |
Age, (mean ± SD) | 64 (53.5-70.5) | 57 (34–73)1 | 58.6 (49.1–71.2)2 | 62 ± 9.8 | 64.9 ± 12.0 |
Male | 22 (79) | 6 (100) | 14 (63.6) | 4 (80) | 31 (82) |
Risk factors | Hypertension:20 (71), diabetes:17 (61), lung disease: 10 (36), malignancy: 5 (18), chronic kidney disease: 10 (36) | Chronic heart failure: 4 (67), chronic kidney disease: 4 (67), Chronic anemia: 3 (50), coronary artery disease: 4 (67), former tobacco smoker: 1 (17), diabetes mellitus: 4 (67), hypertension: 6 (100), obesity: 3 (50), obstructive sleep apnea: 3 (50) | Hypertension: 21 (95.5), diabetes: 12 (54.5), lung disease: 3 (13.6), chronic kidney disease stage ≥ III: 14 (63.6), end stage renal disease on dialysis: 3 (13.6), malignancy (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers): 6 (27.3), HIV: 1 (4.5), current smoker: 1 (4.5), former smoker: 7 (31.8), permanent pacemaker: 3 (13.6), charlson comorbidity index ≥ 5: 12 (54.5) | Ischemic cardiomyopathy (pre‐HTx): 2 (40), hypertension: 5 (100), hyperlipidemia: 3 (60), diabetes mellitus: 1 (20), obesity: 2 (40), post‐transplant renal insufficiency: 2 (40) | Obesity: 7 (18), arterial hypertension: 25 (66), dyslipidemia: 18 (47), diabetes mellitus: 7 (18), former smoker: 8 (21), peripheral vascular disease: 8 (21), COPD: 3 (8), stroke: 1 (2), malignancy: 3 (8), previous PCI: 11 (29) |
NYHA class | - | - | - | - | I:27 (71), II:8 (21), III:3 (8), IV:0 (0) |
ICU | 7 (25) | 6 (100) | 4 (18.18) | 2 (40) | 4 (10.5) |
Ventilation | 7 (25) | 5 (83) | 7 (31.81) | 2 (40) | 17 (44) |
NIV | - | 0 | 3 (13.63) | 0 | 15 (39.4) |
IV | 7 (25) | 5 (83) | 4 (18.18) | 2 (40) | 2 (5.2) |
ECMO | - | 0 | - | 0 | 0 (0) |
Vasopressor | - | 5 (83) | 3 (13.63) | - | 3 (7.9%) |
ICU stay duration in days | - | 8.25 (4-12.5) | 7 (4-9) | - | - |
Organ dysfunction | HD: 3 (10.71) | AKI requiring CRRT: 5 (83) | RRT: 3 (13.63) | AKI requiring HD: 1 (20) | - |
Morbidity | 4 (18) patients remained hospitalized at the end of study period | 2 (33) patients still admitted at the end of the study period | - | One patient developed mild acute cellular rejection | Bacterial coinfection:5 (13), sepsis: 4 (10.5), neurological complication: 1 (2.6), gastrointestinal complication: 1 (2.6) |
Mortality | 7 (25) | 2 (33) | 4 (18.18) | 0 (0) | 14 (36.8) |
- Citation: John KJ, Mishra AK, Ramasamy C, George AA, Selvaraj V, Lal A. Heart failure in COVID-19 patients: Critical care experience. World J Virol 2022; 11(1): 1-19
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v11/i1/1.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.1