Pathogenesis and clinical features of severe hepatitis E virus infection

Figure 1 Varying consequences of hepatitis E infection in individuals with healthy and distressed livers. HEV: Hepatitis E virus. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by/3.0/).

Figure 2 Overview of the impacts of acute-on-chronic liver failure resulting from hepatitis E virus infection in the context of pre-existing liver disease. HEV: Hepatitis E virus; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by/3.0/).

Figure 3 Summary of the adverse effects of hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. HEV: Hepatitis E virus. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by/3.0/).

Figure 4 The effects of hepatitis E superinfection on liver health related to disease and therapeutic immunosuppression. HEV: Hepatitis E virus. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by/3.0/).

Figure 5 Several viral factors that increase hepatic injury induced by hepatitis E virus. The solid line with black arrows represents a direct influence, whereas the dashed line with arrows represents an indirect impact. Red lines show inhibitory processes. D29N, V27A, V239A mutations are associated with increased virulence. HEV: Hepatitis E virus; ISGs: Interferon-stimulated genes; IRF: Interferon regulatory factor; miRNA: MicroRNA; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; ORF: Open reading frame; PTM: Post-translational modification; PTGS: Post-transcriptional gene silencing. Parts of the figure were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by/3.0/).