Renal function and physical fitness after 12-mo supervised training in kidney transplant recipients

Table 1 Pathologies leading to renal disease and transplantation

Underlying disease	Group A (n = 44)	Group B (n = 41)
Glomerulonephritis	10	6
Nephroangiosclerosis	6	7
Polycystic kidney disease	8	10
End-stage kidney disease	10	5
Alport syndrome	2	2
IgA nephropathy	6	0
Nephrotic syndrome	2	0
Multicystic renal dysplasia	0	4
Interstitial nephritis	0	2
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome	0	4
Vasculitis polyangiitis	0	1

Table 2 Immunosuppressive and other therapies in both groups

	Tacrolimus	Cyclosporine	Steroid therapy	Purine synthesis inhibitors	(mTOR) inhibitors	Anti-hypertensive therapy	Beta-blockers	Insulin therapy	Statin	Ezetimibe
Group A, n = 44	28 (64%)	12 (27%)	35 (80%)	33 (75%)	7 (16%)	33 (75%)	18 (14%)	1 (2%)	14 (34%)	2 (5%)
Group B, n = 41	27 (66%)	10 (24%)	30 (73%)	34 (83%)	5 (12%)	30 (73%)	18 (44%)	2 (5%)	18 (41%)	2 (5%)

Table 3 Mean ± SD of exercise capacity and blood chemistry

	Group A (n = 44)			Group B (n = 41)
	T0	T6	T12	T0	T6	T12
Maximum workload (W)	95 ± 36	107 ± 38a	108 ± 41c	102 ± 32	102 ± 30	98 ± 34
V’O2 peak (mL/kg per minute)	22.8 ± 8.3	25.6 ± 9.0a	25.9 ± 7.5c	21.6 ± 6.8	22.6 ± 6.6	21.5 ± 6.4
HR max (bpm)	142 ± 24	142 ± 22	145 ± 22c	133 ± 22	134 ± 23	131 ± 22
Diastolic BP at rest (mmHg)	80 ± 8	80 ± 8	78 ± 6	81 ± 9	82 ± 8	82 ± 8
Diastolic BP at V’O2 peak (mmHg)	85 ± 11	83 ± 12	82 ± 13	84 ± 10	81 ± 13	80 ± 11
Diastolic BP at 3’ recovery (mmHg)	75 ± 9	76 ± 8	75 ± 9	78 ± 10	79 ± 9	78 ± 8
Systolic BP at rest (mmHg)	126 ± 14	126 ± 12	125 ± 11	130 ± 16	126 ± 15	127 ± 13
Systolic BP at V’O2 peak (mmHg)	183 ± 26	183 ± 21	185 ± 25	181 ± 26	181 ± 27	178 ± 30
Systolic BP at 3’ recovery (mmHg)	128 ± 17	129 ± 14	131 ± 16	136 ± 16	136 ± 21	135 ± 20
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.1 ± 4.3	24.0 ± 4.3	23.6 ± 4.5c	25.5 ± 4.4	25.3 ± 4.0	25.8 ± 4.5
Fat mass (%)	21.1 ± 9.0	19.8 ± 8.3a	20.7 ± 7.9	20.0 ± 7.8	18.9 ± 6.5	19.8 ± 8.1
Aerobic threshold workload (W)	53 ± 23	60 ± 29	60 ± 27	53 ± 21	62 ± 27	57 ± 25
Aerobic threshold HR (bpm)	113 ± 20	108 ± 19	112 ± 18	103 ± 16	103 ± 19	103 ± 16
Anaerobic threshold workload (W)	84 ± 30	94 ± 37	91 ± 31c	89 ± 32	97 ± 38	88 ± 36
Anaerobic threshold HR (bpm)	131 ± 21	130 ± 23	134 ± 18c	125 ± 20	125 ± 21	120 ± 19e
Knee extensors right (kg)	87 ± 38	93 ± 40	98 ± 39	55 ± 27	61 ± 26	60 ± 24
Knee extensors left (kg)	80 ± 36	93 ± 40	95 ± 42	51 ± 23	60 ± 25	58 ± 23
Plantar flexors right (kg)	70 ± 34	76 ± 29	82 ± 27c	62 ± 35	69 ± 27	65 ± 23
Plantar flexors left (kg)	70 ± 33	77 ± 29	79 ± 28	64 ± 34	71 ± 24	67 ± 24
Counter movement jump (cm)	24.0 ± 10.0	26.4 ± 10.2	25.9 ± 9.3c	21.5 ± 9.4	22.9 ± 10.2	20.9 ± 10.2
Handgrip right (kg)	30.8 ± 13.1	33.2 ± 12.2	32.3 ± 11.9c	36.3 ± 9.5	35.9 ± 9.8	34.2 ± 9.6
Handgrip left (kg)	29.3 ± 13.6	30.7 ± 11.7	30.6 ± 11.7c	35.1 ± 9.3	34.4 ± 9.7	32.7 ± 10.2
Elbow flexors Right (kg)	8.8 ± 2.7	9.4 ± 2.8	9.7 ± 2.8	8.0 ± 3.4	9.4 ± 3.1e	9.4 ± 3.5
Elbow flexors Left (kg)	8.7 ± 3.2	9.6 ± 3.4	9.6 ± 3.1	7.3 ± 3.4	8.6 ± 2.7e	8.7 ± 3.5
Elbow extensors right (kg)	5.8 ± 2.0	6.5 ± 2.3	6.9 ± 2.3	5.1 ± 2.2	6.1 ± 2.1e	6.0 ± 2.1
Elbow extensors left (kg)	5.7 ± 2.0	6.5 ± 2.4	6.8 ± 2.4	4.9 ± 2.3	5.6 ± 1.8e	5.7 ± 1.9
Shoulder abductors (kg)	5.3 ± 2.2	6.3 ± 2.5	6.4 ± 2.3	4.2 ± 2.7	5.2 ± 2.1e	5.4 ± 2.7
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.26 ± 0.38	1.27 ± 0.41	1.21 ± 0.29	1.37 ± 0.48	1.32 ± 0.50	1.42 ± 0.47
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	59.4 ± 19.3	58.0 ± 19.6	62.6 ± 21.8	56.3 ± 21.2	58.1 ± 17.8	52.9 ± 17.4
Proteinuria (g/24 h)	0.41 ± 0.51	0.34 ± 0.46	0.52 ± 0.63	0.45 ± 0.57	0.48 ± 0.59	0.61 ± 0.44
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	12.8 ± 1.8	12.3 ± 1.7	12.6 ± 1.6	12.1 ± 1.8	12.5 ± 1.9	12.8 ± 1.5
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	122 ± 42	117 ± 41	117 ± 47	138 ± 69	131 ± 57	132 ± 59
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	196 ± 37	186 ± 52	200 ± 43	195 ± 33	193 ± 31	188 ± 34

In Group A:

^aP < 0.05 between T₀ and T₆,

^cP < 0.05 between T₀ and T₁₂; In Group B:

^eP < 0.05 between T₀ and T₁₂. BP: Blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 4 Mean ± SD of 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire scales

	Group A (n = 44)			Group B (n = 41)
	T0	T6	T12	T0	T6	T12
Physical function	84 ± 20	91 ± 11a	92 ± 12c	89 ± 10	86 ± 20	86 ± 23
Role physical	83 ± 25	88 ± 21	96 ± 15c	91 ± 19	91 ± 19	86 ± 24
Bodily pain	80 ± 24	80 ± 22	89 ± 20	86 ± 19	84 ± 22	84 ± 22
General health	63 ± 20	67 ± 21	68 ± 20	64 ± 21	67 ± 19	66 ± 17
Vitality	67 ± 16	70 ± 15	69 ± 19	67 ± 18	69 ± 14	68 ± 14
Social function	75 ± 19	80 ± 20	83 ± 17c	82 ± 19	78 ± 21	78 ± 21
Role emotional	85 ± 24	91 ± 20	90 ± 22	93 ± 16	96 ± 15	93 ± 17
Mental health	75 ± 16	75 ± 16	74 ± 19	74 ± 18	77 ± 16	74 ± 16

^aP < 0.05 between T0 and T6;

^cP < 0.05 between T₀ and T₁₂.