Exercise manual for liver disease patients

Table 1 Demographic and baseline characteristics of the patients

Features	Control (n = 23)	Intervention (n = 14)	P
Male/female	18 (78.3%)/5 (21.7%)	11 (78.6%)/3 (21.4%)	1.00
Age (yr)	55.4 ± 9.9	55.8 ± 5.4	0.97
BMI (kg/m2)	27.3 ± 4.5	28.6 ± 5.4	0.58
Diagnosis
HCV	5 (21.7%)	4 (28.6%)
HCC + HCV	4 (17.4%)
Alcohol	3 (13%)	3 (21.4%)
HCC	3 (13%)
Alcohol + HCV	3 (13%)	2 (14.2%)
Alcohol + HCC	1 (4.3%)
Alcohol + HCV + HCC	1 (4.3%)	2 (14.2%)
Autoimmune hepatitis	1 (4.3%)
Polycystic liver disease	1 (4.3%)
Cryptogenic cirrhosis		1 (7.1%)
Sclerosing cholangitis		1 (7.1%)
HBV + HCV		1 (7.1%)

BMI: Body mass index; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2 Comparison between the control and intervention groups

	Control (n = 23)		Intervention (n = 14)		P
	Initial	Final	Initial	Final
MIP (cmH2O)	88.5 (44.1)	98.3 (39.2)	101.1 (34.4)	117.9 (43)	0.45
MEP (cmH2O)	108.3 (46.3)	116.5 (51.8)	113.6 (31)	128.2 (35)	0.61
EMG rectus (μV)	52.9 (51.1)	46.1 (29.7)	32.5 (12.4)	28.8 (7.9)	0.65
EMG diaphragm (μV)	43.8 (14.9)	53.8 (22.4)	55.7 (34.7)	35.6 (15.8)	0.0011
FVC (%)	84.6 (13.9)	85.5 (16.1)	88.3 (14.5)	92.6 (14.2)	0.42
FEV1 (%)	84.6 (15.1)	85.4 (14.5)	88.6 (20)	90 (14.1)	0.5
FEF25%-75% (%)	92.4 (31.2)	94.7 (24.6)	100.7 (47.1)	102.9 (44.2)	0.72
Funcional capacity	68.5 (24.5)	71.7 (21.7)	69.3 (21.4)	84.6 (14.5)	0.0062
Physical role	52.2 (39.1)	45.7 (38.9)	60.7 (38.9)	55.4 (38.2)	0.92
Pain	61 (32)	61.3 (21.1)	62 (27.9)	56.7 (30.1)	0.78
General health	52.8 (26.2)	58.4 (26.3)	59.3 (20.1)	68.4 (19.3)	0.4
Vitality	61.7 (23.9)	59.8 (23.2)	58.9 (15.2)	65 (25.2)	0.33
Social aspects	58.2 (34.9)	67.9 (29.9)	68.8 (37.3)	75.9 (30)	0.93
Emotional role	60.8 (39.8)	56.5 (44.3)	45.1 (44.5)	61.9 (36.6)	0.16
Mental health	59.1 (26.4)	64.5 (24)	64.9 (20.7)	78.3 (22)	0.14

¹Difference between groups;

²Difference in the intervention group after three months. MIP (cmH₂O): Maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP (cmH₂O): Maximal expiratory pressure; EMG: Electromyography; FVC: Forced vital capacity; FEV₁: Forced expiratory volume in one second; FEF_25%-75%: Forced expiratory flow rate at 25%-75%.