Venous thromboembolism following lung transplantation

Table 1 Retrospective studies published during 2021-2024 on venous thromboembolism following lung transplantation

Ref.	LT patients, n	VTE, n (%)	PE/infarct, n (%)	DVT, n (%)	Risk factors	Survival	Remarks
Ruigrok et al[17], 2024	253	45 (18)	27 (60)	18 (40)	Long ICU stay, retransplant	No effect	UL DVT: 13 (29); LL DVT: 5 (11)
Walter et al[18], 2024	114	41 (35)	18 (44)	23 (56)	Age, CF, ECMO, in hospital pre-LT	No effect	UL DVT: 12 (30); LL DVT: 11 (26)
Magin et al[15], 2024	828	NA	57 (6)	NA	NA	NA	High risk of CLAD
Moneke et al[21], 2023	221	74 (33)	34 (15)	NA	Age > 55 year, BMI > 25	Low 1-year survival	NA
Kanade et al[19], 2021	324	97 (30)	NA	NA	Female, central line > 3 days, in hospital pre-LT	No effect	NA
Zheng et al[20], 2021	235	58 (25)	8 (13)	44 (76)	CPB, interrupting thromboprophylaxis	NA	Routine screening picked up more cases

LT: Lung transplantation; VTE: Venous thromboembolism; PE: Pulmonary embolism; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; ICU: Intensive care unit; UL: Upper limb; LL: Lower limb; CF: Cystic fibrosis; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; NA: Not available; CLAD: Chronic allograft lung dysfunction; BMI: Body mass index; CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass.

Table 2 Retrospective studies published during 2019-2020 on venous thromboembolism following lung transplantation, n (%)

Ref.	Study groups	LT patients	VTE	PE/infarct	DVT	Risk factors	Survival	Remarks
Zheng et al[22], 2020	SLT: 143; DLT: 78	197	47 (23)	NA	NA	Prophylaxis interruption	NA	UL DVT: 55% and VTE 70% in 30 days
Jorge et al[23], 2020	Group I (2005-2008): No DVT screening. Group II (2008-2014): DVT screening	NA	NA	NA	NA	High cholesterol had 6.9 times risk of DVT	Better survival in group II due to routine screening	NA
Zhao et al[31], 2019	SLT: 78; DLT: 46	124	32 (26)	4 (3)	30 (97)	ECMO	NA	2 patients had both PE and DVT. No effect due to PICC
Fan et al[24], 2019	NA	316	19 (6)	NA	NA	Age, SLT, long ICU stay	NA	VTE much higher without prophylaxis

LT: Lung transplantation; VTE: Venous thromboembolism; PE: Pulmonary embolism; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; SLT: Single lung transplantation; DLT: Double lung transplantation; NA: Not available; UL: Upper limb; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; PICC: Peripherally inserted central catheter; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 3 Retrospective studies published during 2015-2018 on venous thromboembolism following lung transplantation, n (%)

Ref.	LT	VTE	PE/infarct	DVT	Time to VTE, median (IQR)	Risk factors	Survival	Remarks
Ribeiro Neto et al[27], 2018	701	300 (49)	33 (5)	300 (43), UL: 71%	20 (9-82) days	Male, ECMO, long ICU stay	Reduced in UL and BK DVT	High incidence after screening
Aboagye et al[25], 2018	16318	1029 (6)	175 (1)	854 (5)	NA	Male, age > 65, ventilation > 96 hours	NA	3.4 times higher risk of death with PE
Larios et al[28], 2018	74	31 (42)	2 (6)	24 (32)	NA	NA	No effect	Both PE and DVT 5 (16)
Sáez-Giménez et al[26], 2017	333	35	29	NA	40 (14-112) days	Male sex, ILD	NA	Extended 90 days prophylaxis did not prevent VTE
Evans et al[29], 2015	117	NA	18 (15)	98	NA	NA	SLT, CPB, and DVT-LL all lower survival	UL: 45 (39); LL: 53 (45)

LT: Lung transplantation; VTE: Venous thromboembolism; PE: Pulmonary embolism; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; IQR: Interquartile range; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU: Intensive care unit; UL: Upper limb; BK: Below knee; NA: Not available; ILD: Interstitial lung disease; SLT: Single lung transplantation; CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; LL: Lower limb.

Table 4 Calculated incidence of overall venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) and pulmonary embolism alone following lung transplantation

Period of publication of the studies	Number of studies	Incidence of overall VTE (DVT + PE)	Incidence of PE alone
2021-2024	6	15.1%	6.9%
2019-2020	3	13.4%	3.2%
2015-2018	3	30.4%	6.1%

VTE: Venous thromboembolism; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; PE: Pulmonary embolism.