Transplantation of CD34+ cells for myocardial ischemia

Table 1 Summary of clinical studies of CD34+ cell therapy

Disease	Ref.	Model	Delivery route	Results
Myocardial infarction	Kocher et al[24]	Animal	Intravenous	(+) Angiogenesis; (-) Cardiomyocyte apoptosis, collagen deposition, scar formation
	Kawamoto et al[25]	Human	Intramyocardial	(+) Angiogenesis, cardiac function; (-) Myocardial fibrosis
	Botta et al[26]	Animal	Intramyocardial	(+) Cardiac function; (+) Cardiac hemodynamics with CD34+ KDR+ subset
	Brenner et al[27]	Animal	Intracavitary of LV	(+) LV function
	Ott et al[28]	Animal	Intramyocardial	(+) LVEF
	Yoshioka et al[29]	Human	Intracardiac	(+) Blood flow; (+) Cardiac function
	Shintani et al[30]	Animal	Intramyocardial	(+) Capillary density; (-) Myocardial infarct size
	Zhang et al[31]	Animal	Intracoronary	(+) Cardiac repair, therapeutic benefits
	Wang et al[32]	Animal	Intramyocardial	(+) Angiogenesis, cardiac function
	Mackie et al[33]	Animal	Intramyocardial	(+) Capillary density; (-) Ventricular dilation, infarct size, cardiac function alteration
	Joladarashi et al[34]	Animal	Intramyocardial	(+) Angiogenesis; (-) LV remodeling and cardiac fibrosis with CD34 deficient microRNA 377
	Quyyumi et al[38]	Human	Intracoronary	(+) LVEF; (-) Infarct size and MACE
	Quyyumi et al[40]	Human	Intracoronary	(+) Infarcted area perfusion
Refractory angina	Losordo et al[43]	Human	Intramyocardial	(+) Exercise tolerance; (-) Angina frequency, 12 mo mortality
	Henry et al[45]	Human	Intramyocardial	(-) Angina frequency at 2 yr
	Povsic et al[46]	Human	Intramyocardial	(-) Angina frequency
	Wang et al[47]	Human	Intramyocardial	(+) Myocardial perfusion by PET; (-) Angina frequency
	Lee et al[48]	Human	Intracoronary	(+) LVEF; (-) Angina frequency
	Johnson et al[49]	Human	Intramyocardial	(-) Mortality, cardiac admissions, hospital visits, health care costs
Heart failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)	Vrtovec et al[50]	Human	Intracoronary	(+) LVEF, 6MWD; (-) NT-proBNP, mortality
	Lezaic et al[51]	Human	Intracoronary	(+) Myocardial perfusion, LVEF, 6MWD
	Bervar et al[53]	Human	Transendocardial	(+) 6MWD, diastolic function; (-) NT-proBNP
	Poglajen et al[54]	Human	Transendocardial	(+) 6MWD, LVEF; (-) NT-proBNP
Coronary microvascular dysfunction	Erbs et al[17]	Human	Intracoronary	(+) CFR
	Schächinger et al[18]	Human	Intracoronary	(+) CFR

6MWD: 6-min walk distance; CFR: Coronary flow reserve; KDR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; LV: Left ventricle; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; PET: Positron emission tomography.