Exocrine drainage in vascularized pancreas transplantation in the new millennium

Figure 1 Technique of systemic-bladder drainage with creation of an anastomosis between the allograft duodenal segment and vesical dome of the recipient bladder.

Figure 2 Technique of conversion from bladder to enteric exocrine drainage (enteric conversion) for persistent metabolic, urologic, or other problems.

Figure 3 Technique of systemic-enteric drainage with side-to-side anastomosis between allograft duodenum and recipient small bowel.

Figure 4 Technique of portal-enteric drainage with side-to-side anastomosis between allograft duodenum and small bowel; this technique is also amenable to using the native duodenum or stomach for exocrine diversion.