Exercise reduces depressive symptoms in adults with arthritis: Evidential value

Table 1 Evidential values for changes in depressive symptoms

Statistical inference	Z	P
Studies contain evidential value (right-skewed)	5.28	< 0.00011
Studies lack evidential value (flatter than 33% power)	2.39	0.99
Studies lack evidential value and intensely P-hacked (left-skewed)	5.28	0.99

¹Statistically significant (P < 0.05). Negative Z-value for right skew suggests that selective-reporting bias in favor of statistically significant results does not exist. Z: Z-value based on Stouffer’s method; P: Probability value.