Interplay among bedtime procrastination, sleep patterns, and subjective wellbeing in the Indian population: An observational study

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants

Domain	n (%)
Age group, years
< 25	191 (47.63)
25-50	196 (48.87)
> 50	14 (3.49)
Sex
Male	176 (43.89)
Female	224 (55.86)
Prefer not to say	1 (0.25)
Occupation
Students pursuing a professional course	150 (37.4)
Salaried jobs	143 (35.6)
Students of the general stream	40 (9.9)
Self-employed	30 (7.48)
Unemployed	15 (3.74)
Housewife	8 (1.99)
Others	15 (3.74)
Religion
Hindu	361 (90)
Muslim	20 (4.98)
Sikh	4 (0.99)
Others	16 (3.99)
Domicile
Urban	322 (80.29)
Semi-urban	51 (12.71)
Rural	28 (6.98)

Table 2 Usage of electronic gadgets among the study participants, n (%)

Question asked	Total responses	Male	Female
Do you have a personal electronic gadget?	401	176	224
How many hours in a day do you spend on electronic gadgets?
Less than 2 hours	21 (5.2)	9	12
2-4 hours	85 (21.2)	39	46
4-6 hours	134 (33.4)	55	79
6-8 hours	96 (23.9)	46	50
More than 8 hours	65 (16.2)	27	37
The single major reason for using an electronic gadget
Official/professional work	123 (30.6)	71	52
Study	114 (28.4)	39	75
Social media	82 (20.4)	32	50
Entertainment	76 (18.9)	32	44
Study and entertainment	1 (0.2)	0	1
Both official and entertainment	2 (0.49)	1	1
Finding job	1 (0.2)	0	1
All of the above	2 (0.49)	2	0

Table 3 Comparison of anxiety, depression and subjective wellbeing level between female and male participants, n (%)

Variables	Females (n = 224), mean ± SD	Males (n = 176), mean ± SD	Test of significance	Effect size (Cohen’s d); 95%CI
GAD-2	2.191 ± 1.545	1.534 ± 1.389	t = 4.412, df = 398, P = 0.0001	0.444 (0.245 to 0.644)
PHQ-2	1.987 ± 1.531	1.721 ± 1.384	t = 1.799, df = 398, P = 0.0728	0.181 (-0.017 to 0.379)
WHO-5	52.035 ± 20.003	54.704 ± 20.022	t = 1.983, df = 398, P = 0.048	-0.133 (-0.331 to 0.064)
GAD-2			χ2 = 9.409	Risk ratio = 1.71
Screen positive1	74 (33.03)	34 (19.32)	P = 0.002	Risk difference = 0.137
Screen negative	150 (66.97)	142 (80.68)
PHQ-2			χ2 = 0.862	Risk ratio = 1.162
Screen positive1	68 (30.36)	46 (26.14)	P = 0.353	Risk difference = 0.042
Screen negative	156 (69.64)	130 (73.86)

¹Number of positive test results (cut-off score: 3). CI: Confidence interval; GAD-2: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2 item; SD: Standard deviation; WHO-5: World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index.

Table 4 Association of bedtime procrastination with other study variables among males (n = 176)

Variables	Age of the participants	Sleep latency in minutes	Hours of sleep	Procrastination time (minutes)	BtP score	PHQ-2 score	GAD-2 score	WHO-5 score
Sleep latency in minutes	R = -0.0056	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	P = 0.937
Hours of sleep	R = -0.0941	R = -0.044	-	-	-	-	-	-
	P = 0.215	P = 0.562
Procrastination time (minutes)	R = -0.0822	R = 0.4034	R = -0.276	-	-	-	-	-
	P = 0.279	P < 0.00001c	P = 0.0002c
BtP score	R = -0.396	R = 0.0242	R = -0.0614	R = 0.2003	-	-	-	-
	P < 0.00001c	P = 0.750	P = 0.421	P = 0.0076b
PHQ-2 score	R = -0.192	R = 0.1203	R = -0.0586	R = 0.2708	R = 0.1891	-	-	-
	P = 0.011a	P = 0.1117	P = 0.444	P = 0.0003c	P = 0.0119a
GAD-2 score	R = -0.1098	R = 0.1011	R = -0.1297	R = 0.2961	R = 0.3561	R = 0.5769	-	-
	P = 0.146	P = 0.181	P = 0.088	P = 0.00007c	P < 0.00001c	P < 0.00001c
WHO-5 score	R = 0.1021	R = - 0.246	R = 0.0469	R = -0.1948	R = -0.1471	R = -0.3933	R = -0.2971	-
	P = 0.177	P = 0.0009c	P = 0.536	P = 0.0095b	P = 0.0515	P < 0.00001c	P = 0.00006c
SISS (sleep quality)	R = 0.0505	R = -0.2487	R = 0.1403	R = -0.3029	R = -0.2555	R = -0.2362	R = -0.2811	R = 0.418
	P = 0.506	P = 0.0009c	P = 0.063	P = 0.00004c	P = 0.0006c	P = 0.0016b	P = 0.00016c	P < 0.00001c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

BtP: Bedtime procrastination; GAD-2: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2 item; SISS: Single-item Sleep Quality Scale; WHO-5: World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index. .

Table 5 Association of bedtime procrastination with other study variables among females (n = 224)

Variables	Age of the participants	Sleep latency in minutes	Hours of sleep	Procrastination time (minutes)	BtP score	PHQ-2 score	GAD-2 score	WHO-5 score
Sleep latency in minutes	R = -0.0881	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	P = 0.189
Hours of sleep	R = -0.1091	R = -0.1573	-	-	-	-	-	-
	P = 0.104	P = 0.0187a
Procrastination time (minutes)	R = 0.0244	R = 0.1732	R = -0.1257	-	-	-	-	-
	P = 0.716	P = 0.0094b	P = 0.0597
BtP score	R = -0.1518	R = 0.1042	R = -0.1812	R = 0.1541	-	-	-	-
	P = 0.0229a	P = 0.1199	P = 0.0066b	P = 0.0210a
PHQ-2 score	R = -0.1671	R = 0.0839	R = 0.016	R = 0.1128	R = 0.1578	-	-	-
	P = 0.0123a	P = 0.211	P = 0.8117	P = 0.0921	P = 0.0181a
GAD-2 score	R = -0.1593	R = 0.054	R = -0.0522	R = 0.1904	R = 0.2303	R = 0.6355	-	-
	P = 0.0172a	P = 0.4212	P = 0.4387	P = 0.0042	P = 0.0005c	P < 0.00001c
WHO-5 score	R = 0.038	R = -0.1486	R = 0.0581	R = -0.0769	R = -0.2326	R = -0.6183	R = -0.4855	-
	P = 0.572	P = 0.0257a	P = 0.3868	P = 0.2511	P = 0.0004c	P < 0.00001c	P < 0.00001c
SISS	R = -0.1335	R = -0.1347	R = 0.3271	R = -0.1253	R = -0.2419	R = -0.2163	R = -0.3065	R = 0.3785
	P = 0.045a	P = 0.0435a	P < 0.00001c	P = 0.0618	P = 0.0003c	P = 0.0011b	P < 0.00001c	P < 0.00001c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

BtP: Bedtime procrastination; GAD-2: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item; PHQ-2: Patient Health Questionnaire-2 item; WHO-5: World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index; SISS: Single-item Sleep Quality Scale.