Link of gray matter volume to cognitive and motor function in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i4.99859

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Psychiatry. Apr 19, 2025; 15(4): 99859
Published online Apr 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i4.99859

Table 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics, neuropsychology, and gait parameters between normal control group and amnestic mild cognitive impairment group

Item	NC group (n = 45)	aMCI group (n = 45)	Z/t/χ²	P value
Gender [male (%)]	21 (46.67)	23 (51.11)	0.178	0.673
Age (years)	66.15 ± 8.06	65.97 ± 8.45	0.103	0.919
BMI index (kg/m²)	23.84 ± 2.68	23.54 ± 3.05	0.501	0.618
Smoke, n (%)	5 (11.11)	9 (20.00)	1.353	0.245
Heart disease, n (%)	8 (17.78)	6 (13.33)	0.338	0.561
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	6 (13.33)	8 (17.78)	0.338	0.561
MMSE, [M (P25, P75)]	32 (30, 33)	25 (23, 27)	-5.124	0.000
MoCA, [M (P25, P75)]	29 (28, 31)	21 (19, 33)	-6.051	0.000
CAMCOG-C, [M (P25, P75)]	93 (90, 97)	76 (72, 81)	-6.315	0.000
GDS, [M (P25, P75)]	6 (3, 8)	8 (5, 10)	-2.012	0.046
ADL, [M (P25, P75)]	20 (19, 21)	20 (20, 21)	-1.548	0.140
TUG (s)	11.35 ± 2.35	13.94 ± 2.64	-4.916	0.000
D-TUG (s)	12.02 ± 2.64	15.06 ± 2.10	-6.054	0.000
BBS, [M (P25, P75)]	56 (54, 57)	54 (53, 56)	-2.458	0.006
Step length (m)	0.57 ± 0.04	0.50 ± 0.08	5.582	0.000
Leg speed (m/s)	1.08 ± 0.13	0.94 ± 0.18	4.249	0.000
Step frequency (steps/min)	108.15 ± 7.84	103.11 ± 12.05	2.350	0.021

aMCI: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale; CAMCOG-C: Cambridge Cognitive Examination-Chinese Version; ADL: Activities of Daily Living; TUG: Time Up and Go Test; D-TUG: Dual Task of Time Up and Go Test; BBS: Berg Balance Scale.

Table 2 Gray matter volume differences between the two groups

Area	Voxel	MNI coordinate			t value
Area	Voxel	X	Y	Z	t value
Right hippocampus	1154	26	-30	-7	5.05
Right parahippocampal gyrus	901	30	-3	-28	5.22
Right amygdala	312	-	-	-	-
Right entorhinal cortex	199	-	-	-	-
Right fusiform gyrus	208	-	-	-	-
Right superior temporal gyrus	256	-	-	-	-
Right middle temporal gyrus	990	31	-49	12	4.58
Right inferior parietal marginal angular gyrus	301	40	-52	39	5.11
Right occipital lobe	418	30	-84	40	4.68
Medial frontal gyrus of both orbitalis	268	6	47	-10	4.61
Left medial frontal gyrus	366	-29	40	-15	5.23
Left straight gyrus	70	-10	38	-15	3.48
Left fusiform gyrus	441	-21	-44	-12	4.40
Left parahippocampal gyrus	250	-	-	-	-

“-” indicates no value. MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute.

Table 3 Partial correlation analysis of inter-group gray matter volume differences and cognitive function

Indicator of cognitive function	ROI1	ROI2	ROI3	ROI4	ROI5	ROI6	ROI7
MMSE	0.175	0.033	0.254	0.042	-0.232	0.374^a	-0.003
MoCA	0.221	0.026	0.075	0.051	-0.134	0.244	-0.090
CAMCOG-C	0.341	0.210	0.190	0.225	0.004	0.521^a	0.110
ADL	-0.518^a	-0.412^a	-0.060	-0.180	-0.130	-0.366^a	-0.267

^aP < 0.05.

Table 4 Partial correlation analysis of inter-group gray matter volume differences and gait parameters

Gait parameter	ROI1	ROI2	ROI3	ROI4	ROI5	ROI6	ROI7
TUG	0.102	-0.051	0.205	0.239	-0.068	-0.102	0.210
D-TUG	-0.104	-0.080	-0.008	-0.003	0.011	-0.206	-0.067
BBS	0.152	0.068	-0.294	0.008	0.201	-0.004	0.131
Step length	-0.035	0.094	-0.235	0.105	0.244	0.121	0.205
Leg speed	0.275	0.116	-0.140	0.026	0.401^a	0.265	0.159
Step frequency	-0.131	0.031	0.254	-0.301	0.005	-0.061	0.044

^aP < 0.05.

The values in the table are partial correlation analysis coefficient. ROI: Region of interest; TUG: Time Up and Go Test; D-TUG: Dual Task of Time Up and Go Test; BBS: Berg Balance Scale.

Table 5 Partial correlation analysis of gait parameters and cognitive function in the amnestic mild cognitive impairment group

Indicator of cognitive function	TUG (s)	D-TUG (s)	BBS	Step length (m)	Leg speed (m/s)	Step frequency (steps/min)
MMSE	0.205	-0.223	-0.205	-0.203	0.168	0.025
MoCA	0.154	-0.234	-0.084	-0.155	0.164	-0.135
CAMCOG-C	0.034	-0.388 ^a	-0.194	-0.188	0.206	-0.118
ADL	-0.222	0.138	-0.002	0.151	-0.064	0.139

^aP < 0.05.

The values in the table are partial correlation analysis coefficient. MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale; CAMCOG-C: Cambridge Cognitive Examination-Chinese Version; ADL: Activities of Daily Living; ROI: Region of interest; ROI: Region of interest; TUG: Time Up and Go Test; D-TUG: Dual Task of Time Up and Go Test; BBS: Berg Balance Scale.

Table 6 Results of linear regression between gait parameters and whole brain gray matter volume in the amnestic mild cognitive impairment group

Item	Area	voxel	MNI coordinate			t value
Item	Area	voxel	X	Y	Z	t value
TUG (s)	Left superior occipital gyrus	140	-20	-81	41	-4.50
Leg speed (m/s)	Left frontal straight gyrus	764	-9	26	-23	4.90
			-10	23	-16	-
	Right frontal straight gyrus	221	8	30	-10	4.30
	Right orbital medial frontal gyrus	155	-	-	-	-
	Right tabloid fissure	186	16	-71	20	5.01
			18	-55	14	-
	Right supraoccipital gyrus	37	20	-76	29	4.25
	Left anterior central gyrus	251	-41	-7	50	4.61

“-” indicates no value. MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute.

Citation: Yue YB, Xu MF, Xu Z, Xu JX, Lin M, Yang Y. Link of gray matter volume to cognitive and motor function in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(4): 99859
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i4/99859.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i4.99859