Digital cognitive behavioral therapy as a novel treatment for insomnia

Table 1 Sample descriptive statistics at pre-test, n (%)

Characteristic	Go/no-go group (n = 40)		Dot-probe group (n = 40)		Total sample (n = 80)		P value (ANOVA)	P value (χ² test)
	mean	SD	mean	SD	mean	SD
Age	21	1.6	20.4	1.6	20.7	1.6	0.128
PSQI	10.4	2.8	11.3	2.2	1.8	2.5	0.091
ISI	20.3	4.6)	20.2	3.8	20.2	4.2	0.958
DASS 1	7.3	4.0	6.6	3.8	7	3.9	0.425
DASS 2	7.7	4.1	8.0	5.1	7.8	4.6	0.737
DASS 3	10.1	5.2	9.8	5.2	9.9	5.2	0.83
Sleep efficiency	88.0	4.1	88.94	5.6	88.5	4.8	0.423
Females	8 (20)		6 (15)		14 (17.50)			0.443

PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; ISI: Insomnia severity index; DASS-21: Depression anxiety and stress scale; ANOVA: Analysis of variance.

Table 2 Outcome variables: Short-term effects

Characteristic	Pre-test				Post-test				Time			Time × group
	Go/no-go group		Dot-probe group		Go/no-go group		Dot-probe group		F value	P value	η2	F value	P value	η2
	mean	SD	mean	SD	mean	SD	mean	SD
PSQI	10.3	2.8	11.3	2.2	8.4	1.8	10.1	2.9	34.5	< 0.001a	0.336	0.635	0.428	0.009
ISI	20.2	4.6	20.2	3.8	12.8	4.1	13.3	5.1	140.1	< 0.001a	0.667	0.377	0.541	0.005
DASS 1	7.3	4.0	6.6	3.8	5.1	3.8	4.4	2.9	97.4	< 0.001a	0.582	0.08	0.779	0.001
DASS 2	7.7	4.0	8.0	5.1	6.2	4.0	5.9	3.8	35.6	< 0.001a	0.337	0.62	0.434	0.009
DASS 3	10.1	5.2	9.8	5.2	7.0	4.2	6.3	4.3	55.7	< 0.001a	0.443	0.113	0.738	0.002
Sleep efficiency	88.0	4.1	88.9	5.6	90.6	4.8	87.4	9.9	0.3	0.585	0.004	5.17	0.026a	0.065

^aP < 0.05.

P values were obtained from repeated measures analysis of variance, with a between-subjects factor of group and a within-subjects factor of time. Effect sizes were estimated by partial eta squared (η²). PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; ISI: Insomnia severity index; DASS-21: Depression anxiety and stress scale.

Table 3 The exact effect sizes for the various measurements indicated in the Figure 3 and Figure 4

Characteristic	Go/no-go group			Dot-probe group
	mean	SD	n	mean	SD	n
Sleep efficiency
Pre-test	88.044	4.064	40	88.941	5.582	36
Post-test	90.628	4.833	40	87.362	9.938	36
PSQI
Pre-test	10.35	2.76	40	11.3	2.174	40
Week 1	10	1.124	20	11.5	1.539	20
Week 2	8.95	2.449	38	10.7	1.87	40
Post-test	8.389	1.793	36	10.059	2.943	34
ISI
Pre-test	20.25	4.617	40	20.2	3.824	40
Week 1	19.1	3.024	20	18.7	3.813	20
Week 2	16.42	5.15	38	16.95	4.489	40
Post-test	12.778	4.134	36	13.278	5.091	36
DASS 1
Pre-test	7.3	3.976	40	6.6	3.822	40
Week 1	8.9	2.024	20	9.6	2.836	20
Week 2	5.84	3.192	38	6.1	3.463	40
Post-test	5.056	3.787	36	4.444	2.932	36
DASS 2
Pre-test	7.65	4.092	40	8	5.124	40
Week 1	10	2.791	20	12.8	5.347	20
Week 2	6.74	3.202	38	7.55	4.788	40
Post-test	6.222	4.036	36	5.944	3.847	36
DASS 3
Pre-test	10.05	5.179	40	9.8	5.209	40
Week 1	11.9	3.932	20	13.3	5.732	20
Week 2	7.74	3.539	38	8.5	5.588	40
Post-test	7	4.222	36	6.333	4.276	36

PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; ISI: Insomnia severity index; DASS-21: Depression anxiety and stress scale.