Vulnerable brain regions in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Sample size		Age, mean ± SD		IQ score, mean ± SD		MRI equipment and field strength	Method	Differential brain region	Corrective methods	Quality
	ADHD	HCs	Patient	HCs	Patient	HCs
Cao et al[9], 2006	29	27	13.34 ± 1.44	13.08 ± 0.93	101.22 ± 10.10	115.83 ± 11.58	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	ReHo	14	Alphasim	4/1/1
Zang et al[10], 2007	13	12	13.0 ± 1.4	13.1 ± 0.6	99.0 ± 11.6	118 ± 11.7	Siemens Trio 3.0T	ALFF	11	Puncor < 0.01	4/1/1
Cao et al[11], 2008	12	13	13.40 ± 1.70	13.20 ± 1.20	102.70 ± 9.00	112.70 ± 13.80	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	N/A	10	N/A	4/1/1
Yang et al[12], 2011	30	33	9.20 ± 1.9	9.4 ± 1.2	101.30 ± 3.20	104.90 ± 10.10	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	fALFF	11	Puncor < 0.01	4/1/1
Wu et al[13], 2012	32	30	9.20 ± 1.70	9.40 ± 1.20	≥ 80	≥ 80	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	ALFF	10	N/A	4/1/1
An et al[14], 2013	19	23	13.30 ± 1.40	13.20 ± 1.00	102.70 ± 10.40	113.50 ± 12.80	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	ALFF/ReHo	11/18	Alphasim	4/1/1
Wang et al[15], 2014	57	59	11.70 ± 2.60	12.20 ± 2.90	106.40 ± 15.50	113.70 ± 14.60	Siemens Allegra 30T	ALFF	7	Alphasim	4/1/1
Yang et al[16], 2013	18	18	8.80 ± 0.70	9.90 ± 0.90	95.77 ± 10.79	100.93 ± 8.33	GE Discovery MR750 3.0T	ALFF/ReHo	4/8	Alphasim	4/1/1
Li et al[17], 2014	33	32	10.10 ± 2.60	10.90 ± 2.60	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	5	FWE	4/1/1
Yu et al[18], 2016	30	30	10.30 ± 1.70	10.20 ± 1.70	106.20 ± 14.50	121. 10 ± 13.90	N/A	ReHo	5	Alphasim	4/1/1
Xie et al[19], 2016	10	10	10.40 ± 2.60	10.40 ± 2.60	≥ 80	≥ 80	GE 1.5T	ALFF	5	N/A	4/1/1
Wang et al[20], 2017	38	42	11.00 ± 2.00	11.00 ± 2.00	≥ 80	≥ 80	SIEMENS TRIO 3.0T	fALFF	6	Alphasim	4/1/1
Zhou et al[21], 2018	45	26	8.49 ± 1.87	9.04 ± 1.56	114.00 ± 13.27	121.00 ± 13.87	GE Signa HDX 3.0T	ReHo	1	FWE	4/1/1
Lou et al[22], 2021	50	28	8.26 ± 1.93	8.93 ± 1.46	116.94 ± 17.45	122.43 ± 13.84	GE Signa HDX 3.0T	dALFF	2	GRF	4/1/1
Feng et al[23], 2023	52	51	10.17 ± 1.81	10.64 ± 1.85	105.38 ± 13.57	123.81 ± 16.32	GE Discovery MR750 3.0T	ALFF/ReHo	3/1	GRF	4/1/1

HCs: Healthy controls; IQ: Intelligence quotient; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ReHo: Regional homogeneity; ALFF: Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; dALFF: Dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; fALFF: Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; FWE: Familywise error; GRF: Gaussian random field; N/A: Not available.

Table 2 Applying the activation likelihood estimation method to study changes in brain function activity in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Research methods	Anatomical label	Brodmann areas	Peak MNI coordinate			ALE value	Volume in mm3
			X	Y	Z
ReHo & ALFF/dALFF/fALFF Increase	LING_R	BA 18	16	-82	-4	0.006502583	592
	LING_L	BA 18	-12	-92	-8	0.005300413	160
	CUN_R	BA 23	12	-74	16	0.004788109	32
ReHo & ALFF/dALFF/fALFF decrease	MFG_L	BA 9	2	48	8	0.006200704	960
	PCUN_L	BA 31	-4	-46	36	0.00574992	456

ALE: Activation likelihood estimation; ReHo: Regional homogeneity; ALFF: Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; dALFF: Dynamic ALFF; fALFF: Fractional ALFF; BA: Brodmann Area; MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute; LING: Lingual gyrus; CUN: Cuneus; MFG: Medial frontal gyrus; PCUN: Precuneus; R: Right; L: Left.

Table 3 Jackknife sensitivity analyses

Discarded article	Adolescent ADHD > HC
	LING_R	LING_L	CUN_R
Cao et al[9], 2006	No	No	No
Zang et al[10], 2007	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yang et al[12], 2011	yes	yes	yes
Wu et al[13], 2012	Yes	Yes	Yes
An et al[14], 2013	No	No	No
Wang et al[15], 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yang et al[16], 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes
Li et al[17], 2014	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yu et al[18], 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes
Xie et al[19], 2016	Yes	Yes	Yes
Wang et al[20], 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes
Lou et al[22], 2021	Yes	Yes	Yes
Feng et al[23], 2023	Yes	Yes	Yes
Total	11 out of 13	11 out of 13	11 out of 13

ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; HC: Healthy control; LING: Lingual gyrus; CUN: Cuneus; R: Right; L: Left.

Table 4 Jackknife sensitivity analyses

Discarded article	Adolescent ADHD < HC
	MFG_L	PCUN_L
Cao et al[9], 2006	Yes	Yes
Zang et al[10], 2007	Yes	Yes
Cao et al[11], 2008	Yes	Yes
Yang et al[12], 2011	No	No
Wu et al[13], 2012	No	No
An et al[14], 2013	No	Yes
Wang et al[15], 2014	Yes	Yes
Yang et al[16], 2013	Yes	Yes
Li et al[17], 2014	Yes	Yes
Yu et al[18], 2016	Yes	No
Wang et al[20], 2017	Yes	Yes
Zhou et al[21], 2018	Yes	Yes
Lou et al[22], 2021	Yes	Yes
Feng et al[23], 2023	Yes	Yes
Total	11 out of 14	11 out of 14

ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; HC: Healthy control; CUN: Cuneus; PCUN: Precuneus; MFG: Medial frontal gyrus; R: Right; L: Left.