Correlation of inflammatory markers with depression and sleep disorders accompanying the prodromal stage of Parkinson’s disease

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i3.99901

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Mar 19, 2025 (publication date) through Feb 26, 2025

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Psychiatry. Mar 19, 2025; 15(3): 99901
Published online Mar 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i3.99901

Table 1 Time course and stages of Parkinson's disease

Phase	Potential neurotransmitters/source	Symptoms	Location
Advanced (late nonmotor and motor symptoms)	Ach/basal forebrain orexin/posterior hypothalamus histamine/TMNGABA/ventrolateral preoptic area	Emotional and cognitive disturbances	Cortex
Symptomatic (motor and nonmotor manifestations)	Dopamine/substantia nigra parscompactaSerotonin/dorsal and ventralraphe nuclei	Dyskinesia motor fluctuation movement problems	Substantia nigra
Prodromal (early nonmotor symptoms)	Ach/ventral tegmental area GABA/ventral tegmental area epinephrine/locus coeruleus glutamate/sub-coeruleus area	Hyposmia	Olfactory bulb
		Sleep disorders	Brain stem
		Autonomic dysfunction	Vagus nerve
		Constipation	Enteric nervous plexuses of the foregut

Ach: Acetylcholine; TMN: Tuberomammillary nucleus; GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid; Vagus nerve: Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X); Raphe nuclei: Dorsal and ventral raphe nuclei.

Citation: Zhang CG, Zhang Y, Xu K, Wang S, Bai Y. Correlation of inflammatory markers with depression and sleep disorders accompanying the prodromal stage of Parkinson’s disease. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(3): 99901
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i3/99901.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i3.99901