Using the THINC-integrated tool to compare the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression

Table 1 Cognitive dimensions and measurement indicators reflected in each sub-test of the THINC-integrated tool

Sub-test	Cognitive dimensions	Measurement outcomes
Codebreaker	Speed of processing, attention/alertness	Count (correctly)
Spotter	Attention/alertness, reaction speed	Average reaction time (seconds)
Trails	Executive functions	Completion time (seconds)
Symbol check	Attention, working memory, reaction speed	Accuracy
PDQ-5-D	Pay attention, plan/organize, review and prospective memory	Total points

PDQ-5-D: Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression-5-item.

Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohorts, n (%)

Item	MDD (n = 75)	BD-D (n = 120)	HC (n = 100)	F/t	P value
Age (years)	33.5 ± 12.1	31.0 ± 11.3	31.6 ± 6.0	1.433	0.240
Gender				1.560	0.211
Male	18 (25.7)	40 (33.3)	23 (23.0)
Female	52 (74.3)	80 (66.7)	77 (77.0)
Years of education (years)	13.7 ± 2.1	14.2 ± 2.6	15.9 ± 3.6	13.798	< 0.001
Age at onset (years)	30.2 ± 12.4	23.6 ± 8.7		3.919	< 0.001
Disease duration (months)	44.5 ± 59.9	87.4 ± 91.1		-3.825	< 0.001
Number of hospitalizations	2.2 ± 1.6	6.0 ± 7.8		-4.826	< 0.001
HAMD scores	23.8 ± 7.1a,b	7.1 ± 8.3a,c	0.4 ± 1.2b,c	263.707	< 0.001
HAMA scores	14.6 ± 6.8a,b	5.3 ± 7.3a,c	0.3 ± 1.1b,c	115.718	< 0.001
PSQI scores	11.5 ± 0.5a,b	4.6 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 0.2b	148.702	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 for major depressive disorder (MDD) vs bipolar depression (BD-D).

^bP < 0.05 for MDD vs healthy controls (HC).

^cP < 0.05 for BD-D vs HC.

MDD: Major depressive disorder; HC: Healthy controls; HAMD: The Hamilton Depression Scale-17; BD-D: Bipolar depression; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale-14; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 3 Comparison of cognitive function between unipolar and bipolar depression and healthy controls

Item	MDD (n = 75)	BD-D (n = 120)	HC (n = 100)	F	P value
Spotter	-0.485 ± 1.215	-0.089 ± 0.906	0.440 ± 0.732	20.861	< 0.001
Symbol check	0.006 ± 0.955	-0.085 ± 1.093	0.094 ± 0.916	0.871	0.419
Codebreaker	-0.349 ± 1.097	-0.058 ± 1.049	0.305 ± 0.759	9.671	< 0.001
Trails	-0.047 ± 0.654	-0.218 ± 1.379	0.291 ± 0.445	7.480	0.001
PDQ-5-D	-0.714 ± 0.907	-0.025 ± 1.019	0.539 ± 0.666	41.471	< 0.001
THINC-it	-0.318 ± 0.652	-0.095 ± 0.671	0.334 ± 0.401	28.042	< 0.001

P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference. MDD: Major depressive disorder; BD-D: Bipolar depression; HC: Healthy controls; PDQ-5-D: Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression-5-item; THINC-it: The THINC-integrated tool.

Table 4 Correlation the THINC-integrated tool with age, education, depressive episodes, disease duration, age at onset, and hospitalizations between unipolar and bipolar depression

Item	MDD (n = 75)						BD-D (n = 120)
	Age	Education	Depressive episodes	Disease duration	Age at onset	Hospitalizations	Age	Education	Depressive episodes	Disease duration	Age at onset	Hospitalizations
Spotter	-4.606c	-0.286	0.161	0.177	-4.506c	0.335	-0.047c	0.038	0.008	-0.004c	-0.030b	-0.127c
Symbol check	-4.065c	1.424	-1.482	-0.198	-3.711c	-0.008	-0.049c	0.11	0.007	-0.004c	-0.034b	-0.105b
CodeBreaker	-6.284c	2.255a	0.092	-0.195	-4.976c	-0.152	-0.051c	0.121c	0.009	-0.005c	-0.034b	-0.132c
Trails	-4.543b	1.867	-0.749	-0.899	-4.344c	-0.056	-0.039c	0.106a	0.024	-0.005c	-0.012	-0.254c
PDQ-5-D	0.392	-0.404	1.084	1.255	-0.502	0.697a	0.041c	-0.034	-0.027a	0.003a	0.038c	0.090a
THINC-it	-6.611c	1.523	-0.057	-0.146	-6.052c	0.163	-0.229b	0.068b	0.004	-0.003c	-0.014a	-0.106c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Education: Years of education; Depressive episodes: Number of depressive episodes; Hospitalizations: Number of hospitalizations; MDD: Major depressive disorder; BD-D: Bipolar depression; DQ-5-D: Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression-5-item; THINC-it: The THINC-integrated tool.

Table 5 Correlation the THINC-integrated tool with Hamilton Depression Scale-17, Hamilton Anxiety Scale-14, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index total scores between unipolar and bipolar depression

Item	MDD (n = 75)			BD-D (n = 120)
	HAMD	HAMA	PSQI	HAMD	HAMA	PSQI
Spotter	-0.026	-0.010	-0.013	0.019	0.023a	0.019
Symbol check	-0.033a	-0.020	-0.057a	0.014	0.004	-0.001
Codebreaker	-0.039a	-0.013	-0.049	0.012	0.014	-0.018
Trails	-0.026a	-0.012	-0.016	0.005	0.011	-0.034
PDQ-5-D	-0.024	-0.024	-0.063b	-0.061c	-0.067c	-0.042
THINC-it	-0.030b	-0.016	-0.040a	-0.002	-0.003	-0.015

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

MDD: Major depressive disorder; HAMD: The Hamilton Depression Scale-17; BD-D: Bipolar depression; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale-14; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; DQ-5-D: Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression-5-item; THINC-it: The THINC-integrated tool; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.