Mood symptoms, cognitive function, and changes of brain hemodynamics in patients with COVID-19: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Table 1 Demographics and clinical information

Characteristic	Uninfected group (n = 29)	Infected group (n = 29)	P value
Age (years)	41.48 ± 9.55	42.66 ± 13.19	0.5492
Sex (male/female)	11/18	10/19	0.7851
Education (years)	15.24 ± 3.10	14.21 ± 3.62	0.9152
PHQ-9	-	5.41 ± 5.67	-
GAD-7	-	3.69 ± 4.52	-

¹χ² test.

²Mann Whitney U test.

GAD-7: General Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

Table 2 Mixed models for edge number of four functional connectivity types

Independent variables (FC type)	F value of between subject variable (group)	df	P value
S1	0.40	1, 56	0.528
S2	4.28	1, 56	0.043a
L1	0.33	1, 56	0.569
L2	2.88	1, 56	0.095

^aP < 0.05.

FC: Functional connectivity; L1: Long-I; L2: Long-II; S1: Short-I; S2: Short-II.

Table 3 Mixed models for network indicators

Independent variables (network indicators)	ROI	F value of between subject variable (group)	df	P value
Global efficiency	-	3.98	1, 56	0.051
Local efficiency	Broca-L	2.23	1, 56	0.141
	DLPFC-L	3.33	1, 56	0.074
	FPA-L	3.37	1, 56	0.072
	FPA-R	2.59	1, 56	0.113
	DLPFC-R	6.02	1, 56	0.017a
	Broca-R	1.94	1, 56	0.169
Degree centrality	Broca-L	2.64	1, 56	0.110
	DLPFC-L	1.95	1, 56	0.168
	FPA-L	2.24	1, 56	0.140
	FPA-R	1.99	1, 56	0.164
	DLPFC-R	5.37	1, 56	0.024a
	Broca-R	1.62	1, 56	0.208

^aP < 0.05.

DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FPA: Frontopolar area; L: Left; R: Right; ROI: Region of interest.

Table 4 Partial correlation between scores of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 or General Anxiety Disorder-7 and indicators of infected group with age and sex as covariates

Indicators	PHQ-9		GAD-7
	r value	P value	r value	P value
Global efficiency	0.60	0.001a	0.48	0.010a
Local efficiency (DLPFC-R)	0.45	0.019a	0.35	0.073
Degree centrality (DLPFC-R)	0.24	0.225	0.22	0.262
Edge number of S2	0.40	0.037a	0.37	0.056a

^aP < 0.05.

DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GAD-7: General Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; R: Right; S2: Short-II.

Table 5 Difference in integral value in the region of interest between two groups during the verbal fluency test

ROI	t value	P value
Broca-L	0.17	0.030a
DLPFC-L	0.01	0.066
FPA-L	1.08	0.333
FPA-R	0.38	0.277
DLPFC-R	1.21	0.468
Broca-R	3.88	0.011a

^aP < 0.05.

DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FPA: Frontopolar area; L: Left; R: Right; ROI: Region of interest.

Table 6 Correlation between scores of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 or General Anxiety Disorder-7 and integral value of different regions

ROI	PHQ-9		GAD-7
	r value	P value	r value	P value
Broca-L	-0.205	0.336	0.002	0.992
DLPFC-L	-0.422a	0.040	-0.202	0.344
FPA-L	-0.174	0.416	0.035	0.869
FPA-R	-0.158	0.460	0.071	0.740
DLPFC-R	-0.121	0.573	-0.106	0.623
Broca-R	-0.279	0.187	-0.070	0.746

^aP < 0.05.

DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FPA: Frontopolar area; GAD-7: General Anxiety Disorder-7; L: Left; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; R: Right; ROI: Region of interest.