Attribution of psychiatric manifestations to systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese patients: A retrospective study

Table 1 Comparisons between psychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary psychiatric syndromes, n (%)

Parameters n (percentage) or median (IQR)	PSLE (141)	Secondary psychiatric syndromes (30)	P value
Female sex	129 (91.5)	27 (90.0)	0.555
Age	32 (30-34)	31 (24-38)	0.865
Age of disease onset	28 (26-30)	27 (21-32)	0.530
Disease duration (year)	3.5 (2.8-4.2)	4.7 (2.6-6.8)	0.186
Multiorgan/system involvement	111 (78.7)	20 (66.7)	0.135
SLEDAI-2K	21 (20-22)	12 (5-17)	0.001
Autoantibodies
ANA	137 (97.2)	29 (96.7)	0.824
Anti-dsDNA	80 (56.7)	13 (43.3)	0.128
Anti-Sm	42 (29.8)	5 (16.7)	0.105
Anti-RNP	59 (41.8)	10/29 (34.5)	0.301
Anti-SSA	94 (66.7)	18/29 (62.1)	0.670
Anti-SSB	22 (15.6)	5/29 (17.2)	0.785
Anti-Scl70	4 (2.8)	0 (0)	0.470
Anti-Jo1	1 (0.7)	0 (0)	0.829
Anti-rRNP	55 (39.0)	6/29 (22.2)	0.045
Anti-PCNA	3 (2.1)	0 (0)	0.568
Anti-AHA	30 (21.3)	6/29 (20.7)	0.583
Anti-Ro52	58 (41.1)	15/29 (51.7)	0.199
Anti-PM-Scl	2 (1.4)	1/29 (3.4)	0.432
Anti-ANuA	48 (34.0)	8/29 (27.6)	0.329
Anti-CENPB	0 (0)	1/29 (3.4)	0.171
Anti-AMA2	17 (12.1)	2/29 (6.9)	0.333
Anticardiolipin	17/129 (13.2)	6/27 (22.2)	0.443
Anti-β2GP1	11/128 (8.6)	7/27 (25.9)	0.036
Abnormal MR results	75/122 (61.5)	17/25 (68.0)	0.354
Abnormal EEG results	11/18 (61.1)	7/9 (77.8)	0.339
Use of IS
Cyclophosphamide	111 (78.7)	16 (53.3)	0.005
Hydroxychloroquine	98 (69.5)	20 (66.7)	0.458
Use of antipsychotics	114 (80.9)	13 (43.3)	< 0.001
Maximum dosage of antipsychotics (as in olanzapine)	8.7 (7.6-9.7)	3.9 (2.1-5.8)	0.004
Use of sedatives	61 (43.3)	3 (10.0)	< 0.001
Death	8 (5.7)	2 (6.7)	0.551

PSLE: Psychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI-2K: SLE disease activity index-2000; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; RNP: Ribonucleoprotein; SSA: Sjogren syndrome A; SSB: Sjogren syndrome B; rRNP: Ribosomal ribonucleoprotein particle; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; AHA: Antihistone antibody; ANuA: Anti-nucleosome antibody; CENPB: Centromere protein B; AMA2: Antimitochondrial antibody; β2GP1: Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; MR: Magnetic resonance; EEG: Electroencephalogram.

Table 2 Attribution results of psychiatric syndromes using the Italian model compared with those of clinical diagnoses

Psychiatric syndromes	Clinical diagnoses		Italian model (threshold value 7)		Italian model (threshold value 6)
	PSLE	Secondary	PSLE	Secondary	PSLE	Secondary
ACS	81	6	84	3	86	1
Psychosis	14	4	15	3	17	1
Mania/hypomania	10	3	11	2	11	2
Depression	1	12	1	12	4	9
CD	35	5	32	8	33	7

ACS: Acute confusional state; CD: Cognitive dysfunction; PSLE: Psychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.