Computerized cognitive remediation therapy on cognitive impairment and social function in patients with chronic schizophrenia

Table 1 Comparison of general data between the two groups, n (%)

Item	Intervention group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	t	P value
Sex ratio			1.67	1.96
Male	38 (63.3)	31 (51.67)
Female	22 (36.7)	29 (48.33)
Age (yr)	45.11 ± 10.37	46.14 ± 9.97	-0.58	0.57
Nation			0	1
Han nationality	55 (91.67)	55 (91.67)
Other	5 (8.33)	5 (8.33)
Duration of disease (yr)	9.26 ± 3.02	9.36 ± 3.74	-0.16	0.87
Number of hospitalizations (times)	3.97 ± 1.63	4.13 ± 1.42	-0.58	0.56
Years of schooling (yr)	9.97 ± 1.71	10.03 ± 1.36	-0.23	0.82
Smoking history			0.13	0.72
Exist	32 (53.33)	30 (50.00)
None	28 (46.67)	30 (50.00)
Drinking history			0.33	0.56
Exist	22 (36.67)	19 (31.67)
None	38 (66.3)	41 (68.33)		0.56
Marital status			0.33	0.67
Married	41 (68.33)	38 (63.33)
Unmarried	19 (31.67)	22 (36.67)
Fertility			0.19	0.66
Infertile	13 (21.67)	16 (26.67)
Rear	47 (78.33)	44 (73.33)
SBP (mmHg)	128.06 ± 15.03	129.81 ± 18.28	-0.57	0.56
DBP (mmHg)	80.53 ± 12.41	83.15 ± 11.40	-1.2	0.23
HR	75.09 ± 15.98	77.51 ± 14.78	-0.87	0.39
Educational level			0.39	0.53
Less than high school	27 (45.00)	24 (40.00)
High school and above	33 (55.00)	36 (60.00)
BMI (kg/m2)	21.16 ± 1.23	21.31 ± 1.41	-0.64	0.53
Family history of mental illness			0.87	0.35
Exist	26 (43.33)	21 (35.00)
None	34 (56.67)	39 (65.00)
Professional status			0.3	0.58
Incumbency	28 (46.67)	25 (41.67)
Non-working	32 (53.33)	35 (58.33)
Residence			0.03	0.85
Towns	33 (55.00)	34 (56.67)
Countryside	27 (45.00)	26 (43.33)
Forms of onset			0.55	0.46
Acute onset	23 (38.33)	27 (45.00)
Chronic onset	37 (61.67)	33 (55.00)

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of positive and negative syndrome scale scores before and after treatment between the two groups of patients (mean ± SD)

Times	Groups	General pathology	Positive symptom	Negative symptom	Totals
Pre-treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	35.63 ± 2.03	17.77 ± 1.50	22.58 ± 1.95	68.65 ± 7.63
	Control groups (n = 60)	36.02 ± 1.31	17.63 ± 1.58	22.28 ± 1.33	66.25 ± 6.94
2 wk of treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	26.22 ± 2.49a	11.85 ± 2.29 a	15.63 ± 1.59a	53.70 ± 3.46a
	Control groups (n = 60)	33.42 ± 3.34	15.12 ± 1.84	18.18 ± 3.65	64.72 ± 5.53
4 wk of treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	20.39 ± 2.08a	10.35 ± 2.91a	10.13 ± 1.55a	48.65 ± 2.67a
	Control groups (n = 60)	30.28 ± 1.44	12.45 ± 3.08	17.31 ± 3.26	61.50 ± 2.17
6 wk of treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	12.21 ± 5.72a	7.18 ± 6.48a	9.12 ± 1.79a	43.02 ± 7.62a
	Control groups (n = 60)	23.85 ± 5.67	10.90 ± 2.36	11.91 ± 2.09	56.95 ± 6.94

^aP < 0.05, compared with pretreatment.

PANSS: Positive and negative syndrome scale.

Table 3 Comparison of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test scores before and after treatment between the two groups of patients (mean ± SD, n = 60)

Times	Groups	RE	RPE	RA	CC
Pre-treatment	Intervention group	62.38 ± 1.76	37.28 ± 1.26	103.60 ± 1.76	3.33 ± 0.89
	Control groups	62.85 ± 3.63	37.48 ± 1.20	103.35 ± 1.88	3.28 ± 0.80
2 wk of treatment	Intervention group	53.23 ± 2.06a	25.07 ± 2.39a	90.20 ± 4.28a	4.03 ± 0.84a
	Control groups	56.73 ± 3.68	32.62 ± 4.39	97.65 ± 5.43	3.97 ± 0.89
4 wk of treatment	Intervention group	47.04 ± 1.66a	18.21 ± 3.19a	82.46 ± 3.53a	5.86 ± 2.07a
	Control groups	54.35 ± 1.20	29.47 ± 2.82	95.88 ± 2.34	4.78 ± 2.76
6 wk of treatment	Intervention group	39.92 ± 2.29a	10.50 ± 3.68a	75.89 ± 1.58a	7.42 ± 2.24a
	Control groups	52.24 ± 3.71	25.41 ± 1.36	91.92 ± 4.39	6.23 ± 1.72

^aP < 0.05, compared with pretreatment.

RE: Errors responses; RPE: Perseverative responses errors; RA: Responses answer; CC: Categories completed; WCST: Wisconsin card sorting test.

Table 4 Comparison of therapeutic efficacy between the two groups of patients, n (%)

Groups	Precedent	Heal	Significant progress	Progress	Null
Intervention group	60	24 (40.00)	18 (30.00)	13 (21.67)	5 (8.33)
Control groups	60	10 (16.67)	22 (36.67)	17 (28.33)	11 (18.33)
t					8.95
P value					0.03

Table 5 Comparison of Social Functioning Scale for Psychiatric Inpatients scores before and after treatment between the two groups of patients

Times	Groups	Daily living skills	Motivation and socialization	Social mobility skills	SSPI total score
Pre-treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	6.15 ± 2.22	9.15 ± 2.31	7.04 ± 1.14	9.15 ± 2.31
	Control groups (n = 60)	6.52 ± 1.99	8.81 ± 2.44	6.62 ± 3.59	8.81 ± 2.44
2 wk of treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	11.06 ± 4.56a	15.96 ± 3.80a	11.99 ± 4.47a	15.96 ± 3.80a
	Control groups (n = 60)	8.00 ± 3.29	12.19 ± 3.78	8.03 ± 2.21	12.19 ± 3.78
4 wk of treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	14.97 ± 3.29a	18.85 ± 2.68a	13.01 ± 2.95a	18.85 ± 2.68a
	Control groups (n = 60)	11.32 ± 2.79	15.72 ± 2.63	10.79 ± 2.78	15.72 ± 2.63
6 wk of treatment	Intervention group (n = 60)	21.32 ± 1.29a	27.92 ± 5.80a	19.13 ± 4.68a	25.66 ± 5.45a
	Control groups (n = 60)	14.78 ± 3.77	17.69 ± 3.51	14.13 ± 4.29	18.84 ± 3.98

^aP < 0.05, compared with pretreatment.

SSPI: Scale of Social Function in Psychotic Inpatients.