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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Psychiatry. Feb 19, 2024; 14(2): 296-307
Published online Feb 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i2.296
Published online Feb 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i2.296
Table 1 Sample characteristics by race/ethnicity (mean ± SD)
Variables | African American (n = 2267), % | Hispanic (n = 1425), % | Non-Hispanic White (n = 3678), % | Total (n = 7370) | P value |
Self-esteem | 23.66 (4.48) | 22.91 (4.48) | 23.59 (4.41) | 23.48 (4.45) | a,c |
Economic well-being | |||||
Fringe benefits | 6.40 (4.06) | 5.95 (3.82) | 6.12 (3.55) | 6.18 (3.76) | a |
Job satisfaction | 3.32 (0.67) | 3.41 (0.63) | 3.36 (0.65) | 3.36 (0.65) | a,c |
Poverty | 24.1 | 17.1 | 7.7 | 14.5 | a,b,c |
Employment | 74.7 | 78.0 | 83.4 | 79.7 | a,b,c |
Demographics | |||||
Age (yr) | 44.57 (2.22) | 44.50 (2.25) | 44.58 (2.27) | 44.56 (2.25) | |
Gender (male) | 49.0 | 49.5 | 48.2 | 48.7 | |
Education (non-higher education) | 73.1 | 74.6 | 56.8 | 65.2 | b,c |
Urban resident | 85.7 | 89.1 | 67.6 | 77.3 | a,b,c |
Marital status (marriage) | 35.5 | 54.3 | 67.4 | 55.1 | a,b,c |
Table 2 Regression results of unstandardized coefficients (standard error) and (standardized coefficients) predicting economic well-being
Variables | Economic well-being | |||
Fringe benefits | Job satisfaction | |||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
(Constant) | 6.12 (0.07) | 6.06 (1.05) | 3.35 (0.01) | 3.24 (0.18) |
Ethnicity | ||||
African American | 0.33 | 0.52 | -0.03 | 0.00 |
(0.12) | (0.13) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
[0.04]b | [0.06]c | [-0.02] | [0.00] | |
Hispanic | -0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
(0.14) | (0.15) | (0.02) | (0.03) | |
[-0.01] | [0.01] | [0.03]a | [0.04]b | |
Ages | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
(0.02) | (0.00) | |||
[0.00] | [0.01] | |||
Gender (male) | -0.02 | -0.02 | ||
(0.11) | (0.02) | |||
[-0.00] | [-0.02] | |||
Education (non-higher education) | -1.12 | -0.06 | ||
(0.11) | (0.02) | |||
[-0.15]c | [-0.04]b | |||
Residence (urban) | 0.52 | 0.01 | ||
(0.13) | (0.02) | |||
[0.06]c | [0.01] | |||
Marital status (marriage) | 0.42 | 0.09 | ||
(0.11) | (0.02) | |||
[0.06]c | [0.07]c |
Table 3 Logistic regression coefficients (Wald) [odds ratio] of predicting economic well-being
Variables | Economic well-being | |||||||
Poverty | 95%CI | Employment | 95%CI | |||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
(Constant) | -2.56 (0.07) | -3.10 (0.85) | Lower | Upper | -3.45 (2.35) | 1.96 (0.66) | Lower | Upper |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
African American | 1.40 | 0.83 | 1.89 | 2.80 | -0.56 | -0.27 | 0.66 | 0.89 |
(242.12) | (69.73) | (60.81) | (11.48) | |||||
[4.05]c | [2.30]c | [0.57]c | [0.77]b | |||||
Hispanic | 0.84 | 0.54 | 1.36 | 2.18 | -0.30 | -0.90 | 0.76 | 1.09 |
(57.94) | (20.22) | (11.73) | (1.03) | |||||
[2.30]c | [1.72]c | [0.74]b | [0.91] | |||||
Ages | 0.02 | 0.99 | 1.06 | -0.01 | 0.96 | 1.02 | ||
(1.49) | (0.37) | |||||||
[1.02] | [0.99] | |||||||
Gender (male) | -0.53 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.53 | 1.19 | 1.94 | ||
(39.12) | (62.83) | |||||||
[0.59]c | [1.70]c | |||||||
Education (non-higher education) | 1.34 | 3.02 | 4.82 | -0.76 | 0.40 | 0.55 | ||
(126.70) | (92.81) | |||||||
[3.82]c | [0.47]c | |||||||
Residence (urban) | -0.35 | 0.57 | 0.87 | -0.02 | 0.83 | 1.15 | ||
(10.62) | (0.07) | |||||||
[0.71]b | [0.98] | |||||||
Marital status (marriage) | -2.01 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.58 | 1.56 | 2.05 | ||
(348.81) | (70.44) | |||||||
[0.13]c | [1.79]c |
Table 4 Regression results of unstandardized coefficients, (standard error), and [standardized coefficients] predicting self-esteem
Variables | Self-esteem | |||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
(Constant) | 23.78 (0.09) | 24.54 (1.23) | 21.37 (1.26) | 20.16 (1.30) |
Ethnicity | ||||
African American | 0.27 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 3.02 |
(0.14) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.74) | |
[0.03]a | [0.07]d | [0.08]d | [0.33]d | |
Hispanic | -0.35 | -0.05 | -0.10 | 1.70 |
(0.17) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.92) | |
[-0.03]b | [-0.01] | [-0.01] | [0.16]a | |
Ages | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.02 | |
(0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | ||
[-0.01] | [-0.01] | [-0.01] | ||
Gender (male) | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.29 | |
(0.12) | (0.12) | (0.12) | ||
[0.03]b | [0.03]b | [0.04]b | ||
Education (non-higher education) | -1.43 | -1.21 | -1.19 | |
(0.13) | (0.13) | (0.13) | ||
[-0.16]d | [-0.14]d | [-0.14]d | ||
Residence (urban) | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.02 | |
(0.15) | (0.15) | (0.15) | ||
[0.01] | [0.00] | [0.00] | ||
Marital status (marriage) | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.42 | |
(0.13) | (0.13) | (0.14) | ||
[0.08]d | [0.05]c | [0.05]c | ||
Economic well-being | ||||
Fringe benefits | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||
(0.02) | (0.02) | |||
[0.06]d | [0.06]d | |||
Job satisfaction | 0.77 | 1.10 | ||
(0.09) | (0.13) | |||
[0.12]d | [0.17]d | |||
Poverty | -1.25 | -1.23 | ||
(0.24) | (0.24) | |||
[-0.08]d | [-0.08]d | |||
Employment | 0.56 | 0.57 | ||
(0.23) | (0.23) | |||
[0.04]b | [0.04]b | |||
Fringe benefits X, African American | 0.13 | |||
(0.07) | ||||
[0.05]a | ||||
Fringe benefits X, Hispanic | -0.14 | |||
(0.09) | ||||
[-0.05] | ||||
Job satisfaction X, African American | -0.81 | |||
(0.21) | ||||
[-0.30]d | ||||
Job satisfaction X, Hispanic | -0.40 | |||
(0.26) | ||||
[-0.13] |
- Citation: Lee J. Disparities in the impact of economic well-being on self-esteem in adulthood: Race and ethnicity. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14(2): 296-307
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v14/i2/296.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v14.i2.296